《一路到底》

宋云峰

《一路到底》（All the Way， dir. Jay Roach， 2016）是HBO电视网投拍的一部关于美国第36任总统林登·约翰逊的传记电影，改编自申坎（Robert Schenkkan）的同名戏剧。2016年5月21日在HBO电视网首播后，《一路到底》受到影评人的高度评价，克兰斯顿（Brian Cranston）饰演的约翰逊尤其得到赞扬，并获得电视评论家协会奖和黄金时段艾米奖多项提名。

与大多数名人传记片试图将人物一生的主要经历展示给观众不同，《一路到底》聚焦于约翰逊从1963年11月因肯尼迪遇刺而继任美国总统到1964年11月赢得美国总统大选短短一年的时光，涉及当时众多的政界名人，并且以《民权法案》艰难的立法过程为中心展现约翰逊的性格特征和美国当时的政治生态，仿佛压缩版的《纸牌屋》（House of Cards）。

All the Way is a 2016 American HBO biographical television drama film based on events of the presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson directed by Jay Roach and adapted by Robert Schenkkan from his play with the same title. The film stars Bryan Cranston， who reprises（重新演绎）his role as Johnson from the plays 2014 Broadway production.

After it was broadcast on HBO on May 21， 2016， All the Way was well received by critics， with Cranstons portrayal of Johnson garnering（获得）praise. It has been nominated for a Television Critics Association Award for Outstanding Achievement in Movies， Miniseries（迷你剧）and Specials， with Cranston also nominated for Individual Achievement in Drama for his work on the film. It got nominated for eight Primetime Emmy Awards， including Outstanding Television Movie as well as acting nominations for Cranston.

林登·约翰逊其人其事

林登·约翰逊（1908—1973），1961—1963年美国第37任副总统，1963—1969年美国第36任总统。早在20世纪50年代在美国参议院担任少数党和多数党领袖期间，约翰逊就以强势作风著称，在推进立法的过程中经常使用胁迫手段迫使有影响的议员妥协就范。1963年11月，肯尼迪总统遇刺身亡，时任副总统的约翰逊宣誓就任美国第36任总统，并于翌年11月战胜共和党总统候选人戈德华特，赢得大选的胜利，任职到1969年。

Lyndon Baines Johnson （August 27， 1908—January 22， 1973）， often referred to as LBJ， was an American politician who served as the 36th President of the United States from 1963 to 1969， assuming the office after serving as the 37th Vice President of the United States from 1961 to 1963. As a leader in the Senate， Johnson became known for his domineering（盛气凌人的）personality and the “Johnson treatment”， his aggressive coercion（胁迫）of powerful politicians to advance legislation. On November 22， 1963， Kennedy was shot in Dallas， Texas， and died the same day while hospitalized； Johnson succeeded Kennedy as president. The following year， Johnson won a landslide（压倒性的胜利）in 1964 presidential election， defeating Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona.

在任期间，约翰逊设计了“伟大社会”的立法和改革计划，不遗余力地推进美国在民权、公共广播、医疗保障、教育、艺术、城乡发展和公共服务方面的立法。借助于其在任期间的经济增长，他著名的“向贫穷开战”计划使得数百万美国人脱离了贫困。他主导通过的《民权法案》（1964）禁止在公共设施、州际贸易、工作地点和住房待遇方面的种族歧视。1965年主导通过的《投票权法案》则宣布美国南方各州限制黑人选举登记的规定和行为为非法。因此，约翰逊总统的任期标志着罗斯福“新政”以来现代自由主义的巅峰。

In domestic policy， Johnson designed the “Great Society” legislation by expanding civil rights， public broadcasting， Medicare（老年人医疗保健制度）， Medicaid（针对低收入者的医疗补助制度）， aid to education， the arts， urban and rural development， public services， and his “War on Poverty”. Assisted in part by a growing economy， the War on Poverty helped millions of Americans rise above the poverty line during his administration. The Civil Rights Act that he signed into law banned racial discrimination in public facilities， interstate commerce（州際贸易）， the workplace， and housing； the Voting Rights Act prohibited certain requirements in southern states used to disenfranchise（剥夺？？的选举权）African Americans. Johnsons presidency marked the peak of modern liberalism after the New Deal（罗斯福新政）era.endprint

约翰逊为人诟病的是其外交政策，即卷入越南战争并由此触发了美国大规模的反战运动。总体上历史学家对约翰逊的评价较为正面。

In foreign policy， Johnson escalated（逐步升级）American involvement in the Vietnam War. As American casualties（伤亡人员）soared and the peace process bogged down（停滞不前）， growing unease with the war stimulated a large， angry antiwar movement based especially on university campuses.

《一路到底》的特色

《一路到底》是一部高质量的剧情传记片，之所以受到好评是因为它具备了一部好电影的主要要素。第一，《一路到底》聚焦于约翰逊总统短短一年的政治生活，而非面面俱到的人生传记。影片叙事紧紧围绕《民权法案》立法和约翰逊争取民主党总统提名这两件大事进行，有利于通过许多细节来展示矛盾冲突并塑造人物突出的性格特点。

第二，影片将民权运动背景下多层面的政治矛盾和诉求抽丝剥茧、有条不紊地展现给观众，吸引观众探究约翰逊是如何处理这一系列错综复杂的矛盾冲突并赢得大选胜利的。观众通过该片对美国的两党政治和府院（总统与国会）关系以及民主党内的派系分别都会有更加深入的认识。例如，民主党代表大会召开前夕代表民主党自由派的休伯特·汉弗莱（Hubert Humphrey，支持并推進《民权法案》在国会通过）、代表南方保守派的理查德·罗素（Richard Russell Jr.，反对并阻碍《民权法案》在国会通过）以及第三方美国黑人民权运动领袖马丁·路德·金（Martin Luther King Jr.，支持《民权法案》在国会通过，但要求法案必须赋予黑人完全的选举投票权）都想通过约翰逊总统达到他们各自的利益诉求。约翰逊本来是全力支持《民权法案》的，但为了在选举年得到南方保守派的提名支持（并防止民主党分裂），他不得不以去掉黑人投票权条款作为妥协。同时，他又要说服自由派和民权派接受这一妥协结果。可以说，《一路到底》展现的矛盾性和戏剧性就像是电影版的《纸牌屋》。

第三，在影片中，演员对主要人物（都是政界名人）不同个性的塑造非常成功，与本人对照的话可以说是惟妙惟肖、神形兼备，抓住了人物的主要特点。例如，克兰斯顿对约翰逊的塑造既突出了他强势霸道的性格特征，又刻画了他温馨（例如待跟随自己多年的老秘书华特就像自己的儿子）和脆弱的一面（在压力极大的时刻的几近崩溃和放弃）。影片对其他人物的塑造也相当成功，例如保守派领袖罗素的老练文雅、自由派领袖汉弗莱的理想主义与现实主义（自己想当副总统）之间的纠结、马丁·路德·金在争取黑人民权的复杂斗争中的妥协和分寸感、第一夫人克劳迪娅（Claudia “Lady Bird”）忍辱负重、委曲求全的贤惠。甚至连联邦调查局局长胡佛（Edgar Hoover）欺下（监听政客的电话，敲诈马丁·路德·金）媚上（取悦约翰逊）的狡诈性格都塑造得入木三分。正因为如此，《一路到底》上映后获得了普遍的好评。

故事情节

Lyndon Johnson becomes President of the United States after the John F. Kennedy assassination（暗杀）， assisted and advised by his wife Lady Bird. Johnson enters the White House but soon must work on the passage of the Civil Rights Ac（t民权法案）. Martin Luther King Jr. pressures Johnson to pass the bill without amendments（修改）that would defang（弱化）it； Southern Democrats such as Richard Russell Jr.of Georgia oppose the bill so much that they may abandon the Democratic Party if the bill passes， and Republicans and Democrats on the fence（骑墙派）offer amendments opposed by the liberals and the Civil Rights activists. At the same time， Johnson wants to declare a War on Poverty. The Gulf of Tonkin incident（北部湾事件）in Vietnam causes Johnson to ask Congress for a resolution endorsing（公开赞同）a reprisal（报复）against the Vietnamese， wary of being outflanked（被侧翼包围）on the issue by the Republicans.

After successful passage of the Civil Rights Act over a filibuster（用无休止辩论的方式阻碍议案通过）， Johnson contends for election against Barry Goldwater（戈德华特，共和党总统候选人）in the 1964 presidential election. This is complicated by the Freedom Summer movement（民权运动组织在美国南方推进黑人选民登记的活动）and pulls（较劲，较量）between the northern liberal wing and conservative， Southern Dixiecrat（美国南部民主党人）wing of the Democratic Party. Johnson assigns J. Edgar Hoover to investigate the outrageous（骇人的）murders of Freedom Summer activists Chaney， Goodman， and Schwerner in Mississippi. The state of Mississippi also sends two delegations（代表团）to the Democratic National Convention（民主党全国代表大会）in Atlantic City： the “normal” delegation from the Dixiecrat wing， which threatened to walk out on（遗弃）Johnson， and the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party （MFDP）， a renegade（造反的，反叛的）wing supported by the Civil Rights Movement， but strongly opposed by other Southerners. Johnson， in a bid to（为了）save the South， offers the MFDP a compromise that satisfies neither side； the Mississippi delegation walks out， and the MFDP is unhappy with the two at-large（代表全州的）delegates offered to them.endprint

Johnson hits Goldwater hard in the election， portraying him as a dangerous fanatic（狂热分子）who will destroy the world， but is worried about the election result. Johnsons aide and friend Walter Jenkins is arrested for “disorderly conduct”（指同性恋行为）after he is found in a tryst（约会地点）with another man in a public restroom； Johnson has an uncomfortable conversation with Hoover on how this fact slipped（滑脱，漏掉）by security screening（安全筛查）. As the leader of the peaceful civil rights movement， Martin Luther King wins the Nobel Peace Prize； Hoover， still distrusting King， sends him an insulting， anonymous（匿名的）letter demanding King to commit suicide， which is ignored. Eventually， Johnson wins the election conclusively（决定性地）， but the Democratic Party loses the states of the Deep South（南方腹地）.

Hints of the Vietnam War， the Great Society programs against poverty， the Voting Rights Act of 1965， and the continuing loss of the South to the Republicans are given at the end.

經典台词

Johnson Negotiates with Martin Luther King

King： You promised this country a civil rights bill， Mr. President. And the voting rights components is critical.

Johnson： Absolutely critical， and were gonna fix that. Just not in this bill. Right now， were gonna take care of segregation（种族隔离）in public accommodations first. You know， every year， my cook Zephyr Wright—oh， the best damn chicken fried steak you ever put in your mouth—well， every year， she and her husband drive my Packard（美国豪华汽车品牌，1958年破产）from Washington back down to the ranch（牧场）for me. Well， now， Zephyr， she cant use any restrooms on those highways ‘cause theyre all whites only（仅供白人使用）. She got to squat（蹲下）in a field by the side of the road to pee like a dog. Now， thats just not right， and by God， were gonna fix that.

King： Well， nothing in this country will ever change until Negroes can vote.

Johnson： The next bill will be voting rights.

King： After President Kennedys election， Eisenhower（艾森豪威尔）had publicly declared that his party had taken the Negro vote for granted（对黑人选票太不在意）. I would hate to see the Democratic Party make the same mistake.

Johnson： If you think Barry Goldwaters a legitimate heir（继承人）to Abraham Lincoln（林肯，以赢得南北战争和废除南方的奴隶制著称）， you should vote for him. You know， civil rights isnt the only thing Im interested in， Dr. King. We got people in this country living in unbelievable poverty. I know. I grew up like that in the Hill Country. Picking cotton on my hands and knees（四肢着地）， harnessed（套上马具，利用）like a mule to a road plow， living off（靠？？生活）the bitter charity of my neighbors. But were gonna change all that. Were gonna declare a war on poverty.

King： A war on poverty？

Johnson： Thats right. Now， I got all kinds of federal programs in mind， on health， education， literacy（读写能力）， jobs， you name it. Were gonna change this country top to bottom.

King： That sounds extraordinary.

Johnson： There you go.

King： And I would very enthusiastically support legislation to that effect. But right now， I need to be able to go back to my people and tell them that this president is committed to civil rights， and that this bill， even without voting rights， will still be a strong bill with no further changes. If I cant do that， Ill lose their faith. And in their despair， I—I dont know whatll happen.

Johnson： Is that a threat？

King： I dont want riots any more than you do. But... in order to avoid that type of situation， I need to be able to deliver meaningful reform.

Johnson： Okay.endprint