海南特有灭绝级（EX）植物

王清隆 羊青 王茂媛 王祝年 晏小霞 汤欢

摘 要 爪耳木Lepisanthes unilocularis Leenhouts隶属无患子科鳞花木属常绿灌木，为海南特有灭绝级（EX）植物，列入国家Ⅲ级重点保护野生植物和中国植物红皮书。在消失近80年后，2013年被再次发现。通过实地踏查及民间访问，对爪耳木居群的土壤类型、伴生植物、生境特征和生存现状等进行调查研究。结果表明：目前，仅发现乐东县尖峰镇1个居群，共5株爪耳木，由1株母株通过横走侧根长出不定芽而形成。由于人为干扰严重，其分布区十分狭窄，个体数量非常稀少，一直处于极危状态。人类活动影响和自身更新困难是导致爪耳木濒危的主要原因。为科学合理保护和抢救这一灭绝级（EX）植物，对其开展相关研究，经过3年的不断努力，现已成功采种引种23株幼苗到海南热带植物园内保存。

关键词 爪耳木 ；海南特有植物 ；灭绝级 ；无患子科

中图分类号 Q948 文献标识码 A Doi：10.12008/j.issn.1009-2196.2018.02.012

Abstract Lepisanthes unilocularis Leenhouts， an evergreen shrub of the Sapindaceae family， is an extinct species endemic to Hainan， and is listed in the class III national key protected wild plants and the China Plant Red Data book. This plant was discovered again in 2013 nearly 80 years after it disappeared. A survey was made through field and inhabitant visits to analyze the soil types， associated plants， habitat characteristics and living conditions of the population of L. unilocularis. The results showed that only one population of L. unilocularis with 5 individual plants was found in Jianfeng Town， Ledong County， Hainan Province. This population was formed from adventitious buds of transverse lateral roots of a mother tree. L. unilocularis was narrowly distributed with very limited number of individuals due to serious human disturbance， and was always critically endangered. The human activities and the difficulty of self-renewal of this species were the main causes of the endangerment of this species. The researches have been carried out in order to protect and rescue this endangered species scientifically and reasonably. Three years of effort has come out with successful planting of 23 seedlings of L. unilocularis in the Hainan Tropical Botanical Garden.

Keywords Lepisanthes unilocularis ； endemic plant in Hainan ； extinct ； Sapindaceae

爪耳木Lepisanthes unilocularis Leenhouts [Otophora unilocularis （Leenh.） H.S. Lo]，隸属无患子科（Sapindaceae）鳞花木属（Lepisanthes Blume）常绿灌木，为国家Ⅲ级重点保护野生植物，海南特有灭绝级植物[1-6]。爪耳木自1935年由中国著名植物采集家刘心祈先生在海南崖县佛罗镇（今乐东佛罗镇）附近沿海疏林间发现并采到1份带果序的模式标本，随后很长一段时间在人们视野中消失。因此，缺少花、花序、果实等特征描述。直至2013年再次被发现[7]。这次发现为研究该物种濒危机制提供极为难得的材料，也为有效保护这一特有濒危物种提供难得的契机。

灭绝（Extinct）是指如果没有理由怀疑，分类单元的最后一个个体已经死亡，即认为该分类单元已经绝灭[8] 。……