土壤微生物多样性研究方法及其在土传病害防治中的应用展望

2018-06-21 11:27:12周登博井涛陈宇丰冯仁军起登凤张妙宜谢江辉
热带农业科学 2018年2期

周登博 井涛 陈宇丰 冯仁军 起登凤 张妙宜 谢江辉

摘 要 土壤质量是影响植物生长的关键因子,土壤微生物是评价土壤质量的重要指标,土壤微生物种群多样性及优势菌属的变化,可以在一定程度上反映出土壤质量随环境的变化过程。因此,系统研究土壤微生物的多样性,不仅是防控植物土传病害的关键环节,还是改良土壤质量的重要内容。本文综述了土壤微生物多样性的主要研究方法,包括传统生物化学、现代分子生物学技术以及高通量测序方法等,阐述了各种方法的应用原理、优缺点。从土壤微生态平衡的角度,对土壤微生物多样性研究在土传病害防控中的应用进行展望,提出新的研究内容与思路,以便更好地应用于土传病害微生态调控。

关键词 土壤 ;微生物多样性 ;生物化学技术 ;分子生物学技术

中图分类号 S154 文献标识码 A Doi:10.12008/j.issn.1009-2196.2018.02.016

Abstract Soil quality is a key factor affecting the growth of a plant, and soil microbes are a key index for evaluation of the soil quality. The change of microbial population diversity and dominant species can reflect to some extent the change of soil quality with the environment. So, systematic research on the diversity of soil microbes is a key step of the control of soil borne diseases and an important subject to improve the soil quality. The main research methods for soil microbial diversity were reviewed, including traditional biochemistry, modern molecular biology techniques and high throughput sequencing method, and the principles, advantages and disadvantages of each method were described. From the aspect of the ecological balance of soil microbes, a prospect was made for the application of soil microbial diversity in the control of soil-borne diseases, and some new ideas for research were put forward in order to conduct micro ecological control of soil-borne diseases.

Keywords soils ; microbial diversity ; biochemical technology ; molecular biology

土壤中生活着数量庞大的微生物种群,这些种群包括细菌、真菌、放线菌等,直接参与土壤的生物生化过程,调节土壤生态系统中碳、氮、磷、钾、钙等重要元素的物质循环[1],同时还承担有机养分的分解转化、土壤环境污染物净化等多种生态功能[2],在生态系统中起着举足轻重的作用。由于土壤微生物對环境变化非常敏感,已成为评价土壤养分及生态质量变化最具潜力的生物指标之一[3]。近年来,通过研究香蕉枯萎病的发生、扩展、蔓延、防控,发现对于土传真菌性病害,可通过微生物制剂及菌肥、有机肥、轮作等措施,改良土壤微生物群体结构,有效抑制土传病害病原菌的繁殖,达到控制病害的目的。……

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