邓航
摘 要: 在王阳明的心学主张中,良知是一切的本源与目的,由于良知具有本体、至高和自由三个特点,所以我们可以认为良知学说是王阳明的学术起点、核心与主线。通过引佛入儒、引道入儒,王阳明完成了跨越两千年的中华学术传承整合,从脉络上看,其良知的本体性源于道家,至高性源于儒家,自由性则源于佛家,所以我们可以说良知理论已经超越儒、佛、道成为一种全新的学说,这一学说又因其知行合一的实践主张,成为后来中国历代知识分子的思想力和行动力的主要来源。
关键词: 良知; 良心; 自由; 知行合一
中图分类号: D082 文献标识码: A DOI:10.13411/j.cnki.sxsx.2018.02.017
Abstract: In Wang Yangmings Mind Theory, conscience is the source and purpose of all things. Because the conscience has three characteristics, being ontology, transcendence and liberty, we can think conscience theory as the academic starting and core of Wang Yangmingthoughts. Through bringing the Buddha and Taoism into the Confucianism, Wang Yangming integrated Chinese academic tradition in two thousand years. We also can say that Conscience Theory has obviously differed from the Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism and become a brand-new theory, in which the unity of practice and idea has became the main power source of knowledge and practice of intellectuals in the past hundreds of years in China.
Key words: conscience; liberty; unity of knowledge and practice
王守仁(1472-1529),人称阳明先生,少读《朱子》,以庭前之竹试为格物,不得而染疾。后以进士入仕,任职礼部兵部,因受人诬陷被贬为贵州龙场驿丞,三十七岁悟格物致知之理,知行合一之学,专“致良知”以训门生,著有《文集》数十卷,其政治哲学以孟子之“仁”为出发点,主张以仁为本心施于政事,则为《大学》之所谓明德亲民。本文中笔者将从以下几个方面探析在王阳明毕生显赫的事功背后,以本体、至高、自由为特征的“致良知”思想。
一、良知的本体性
良知论是王阳明哲学思想的出发点,他说“良知,心之本体,即所谓性善也,未发之中也,寂然不动之体也,廓然大公也,何常人皆不能而必待于学邪?人人之同具者也,但不能不昏蔽于物欲,故须学以去其昏蔽。” [1] 171也就是说良知即孟子所言性本之善,良知是人人都有的,虽然其从来不会消失,但時常会被物欲所昏蔽。……