基于水库调度的河流突发水污染应急处置

王家彪　雷晓辉　王浩

摘要：天然河流水污染事件频发，如何运用水库应急调度降低污染损失具有重要意义。以突发水污染事件应急处置为目标，分别构建了水污染溯源、浓度预测和水库应急调度模型，并通过数值模拟的方式对水库调度方案进行优选，最终建立了一套完善的水库应急调度技术体系。将技术运用于贺江2013年水污染事件应急处置分析，结果表明，模型重构的监测断面污染物浓度过程与实测过程较为接近，优选的水库调度方案及其處置效果也与实际情况基本吻合。结果说明本文建立的水库应急调度关键技术体系可运用于指导河流突发水污染事件应急处置。

关键词：突发水污染；水库调度；应急；溯源

中图分类号：X522文献标志码：A文章编号：

16721683（2018）02000106

Abstract：

Water pollution incidents occur frequently in the natural river systems.How to operate the reservoirs on rivers to minimize the pollution loss is surely of great significance to the emergency disposal.In this paper，we established several corresponding models for the sequential processes of source identification，prediction of contaminant concentration，and reservoir operation.Using numerical simulation method，we optimized the reservoir operation scheme.Eventually，we proposed a relatively complete technical system for emergency disposal and then applied it to the case of Hejiang pollution incident in 2013.Results showed that the simulated time series of contaminant concentration were similar to the measured series.The optimized scheme and its disposal result generally fit the actual situation.The results indicated that the proposed technical system of emergency disposal with reservoir operation is feasible and efficient for real sudden water pollution incidents in natural rivers.

Key words：sudden water pollution；reservoir operation；emergency；source identification

突发水污染事件具有不确定性、扩散性、危害性、处理艰巨性和影响长期性等特点，且难以从根本上杜绝，其污染物排放也无固定途径[13]。对于突发水污染的应急处置通常可分为工程性措施和非工程性措施两大类[4]。在天然河流中，若采用工程措施进行处置（吸附、混凝等），不仅投入成本大，而且一[JP2]些化学药物的运用还存在负面影响。而通过水库应急调度的方式不仅能稀释河流污染物浓度，还可加快污染团的运移、弱化扩散作用，有[JP]效缩减水污染影响范围。如2005年广东北江镉污染事件中采用了“加大上游水库排量以稀释水体污染物、利用人工小洪峰加快污染物运移到下游处置区”的应急措施有效地控制了污染事故的恶化。……