施氮量对超高产小麦品种烟农1212耗水特性和籽粒产量的影响

史辛凯 石玉 赵俊晔 于振文

摘要：以超高产小麦品种烟农1212为试材，在微喷带测墒补灌条件下设置0 （N0）、180 （N1）、210 （N2）、240（N3） kg/hm2 四个施氮量，研究其对小麦耗水特性及籽粒产量的影响。结果表明：（1） N2处理100～200 cm土层土壤贮水消耗量显著高于N3处理，提高了深层土壤贮水的利用能力；（2） N2处理播种—拔节期阶段耗水量显著低于N3，但拔节—开花期及开花—成熟期阶段的耗水量及耗水模系数显著高于N3和N1处理；（3） 籽粒产量N2较N1提高了12.35%，与N3无显著差异；N2处理氮肥农学效率及氮肥偏生产力显著高于N3处理。因此施氮量210 kg/hm2为本试验条件下的适宜施氮量。

关键词：冬小麦；施氮量；耗水特性；氮素利用

中图分类号：S512.101文献标识号：A文章编号：1001-4942（2018）05-0072-04

Abstract The super high-yielding wheat variety Yannong 1212 was used as the test material. The effects of nitrogen application rates on water consumption and wheat grain yield of wheat were studied at four rates of 0 （N0）， 180 （N1）， 210 （N2） and 240 （N3）kg/hm2 . The results showed that water consumption amount in 100～200 cm soil layers of N2 treatment was significantly higher than that of N3， which showed an increased capability to absorb soil water from deep soil layers. From sowing to jointing stage， N2 treatment obtained the significant lower periodical water consumption in comparison of that in N3 treatment. However， the water consumption and water consumption percentage were significantly higher than those of N3 and N1 treatment from jointing to anthesis and from anthesis to maturity stage. The grain yield of N2 treatment increased by 12.35% compared to N1 treatment， but no significant difference in N3 treatment. The nitrogen fertilizer efficiency and nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity of N2 treatment were significantly higher than that of N3. Therefore， 210 kg/hm2 was proposed as the optimal nitrogen application rate under this test conditions.

Keywords Winter wheat； Nitrogen application rate； Water consumption； Nitrogen utilization

合理施氮是提高小麦籽粒产量的重要途径[1]，生产中过量使用氮肥造成氮素淋溶、地下水污染等现象多有报道[2，3]，因此确定合理的施氮量，提高氮素利用率，降低氮肥使用对环境产生的压力是目前生产中亟待解决的问题。Zhong等研究发现施氮量为270 kg/hm2时土壤贮水消耗量显著高于施氮量300 kg/hm2处理，可促进根系吸收利用80～120 cm土层的水分[4]。也有研究表明在滴灌模式下全生育期灌溉定额为160 mm，施氮量为190 kg/hm2时，小麦籽粒产量为5 722.8 kg/hm2，水分利用效率达到1.640 kg/m3，较施氮量120 kg/hm2时的籽粒产量和水分利用效率分别提高了17.36%和12.95%，经济效益达到最高[5]。Fu等研究表明，半干旱地区于越冬、返青、拔节3次各灌水75 mm，施氮量为225 kg/hm2的试验处理下，小麦籽粒产量和水分利用效率分别达8 680 kg/hm2和15.56 kg/（hm2·mm）；当施氮量增加至300 kg/hm2时，小麦产量及水分利用效率无显著提高[6]。……