不同农用地膜对比试验及其对西瓜的影响

黎昆 冯伟明 梁普兴

摘要 以西瓜为试验材料，对比4种不同类型地膜在田间的综合表现以及对西瓜的影响，以探讨其优缺点。结果表明，透明PE薄膜能够带来农业增产增收，但同时也带来了白色污染；功能性双色薄膜加强了透明PE薄膜的效果，还能阻止杂草生长，减少病虫害发生，能回收处理，减少白色污染，综合性能好；非纺织布能够有效避免坏果的发生，减弱杂草光合作用，抑制杂草生长，减少农药使用，自然降解，节约回收成本，综合性能优越；液态地膜能降低坏瓜率，可集农药、化肥、农膜于一身，提高劳动效率，生物全降解，无白色污染，田间表现好。

关键词 西瓜；农用薄膜；降解；田间表现

中图分类号 S651 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1007-5739（2018）12-0057-03

Abstract Taking watermelon as the test material，the comprehensive performance of four different types of plastic film in the field and its effect on watermelon were studied，in order to understand its advantages and disadvantages.The results showed that the transparent PE films could increase agricultural production，but also bring the white pollution.The function of double color film could strengthen the effect of transparent PE film，prevent weed growth，reduce the plant diseases and insect pests，it could also be recycled to reduce the white pollution，its omprehensive performance was good.Non-woven fabrics could effectively avoid the bad fruit，reduce photosynthesis of weeds and inhibit weed growth，reduce the use of pesticides，degradate naturally，save the cost of recovery，and its comprehensive performance was superior.Liquid film could reduce the bad fruit rate and could be set in pesticide and fertilizer，which improved labor efficiency，biological degradation and without white pollution，it had good performance in the field.

Key words watermelon；agricultural film；degradation；field performance

20世紀50年代初期，日本和欧美等发达国家开始将塑料薄膜应用于农业生产，农用薄膜是继种子、化肥、农药之后的农业重要生产资料。地膜覆盖具有增温、保湿、防虫、防草等功能，给农业生产带来极大的效益。我国于20世纪70年代末开始在农业上使用地膜覆盖技术，之后迅速发展，目前农膜产量和使用量均居世界第一，随着农业的快速发展，对地膜的需求量还将继续增长[1]。目前，使用最广泛的是塑料地膜，其价格便宜，使用方便，在农业生产上的使用面积逐年递增。农用地膜的大规模应用，带来的“白色”污染问题也十分严重。塑料薄膜降解时间长达200年以上，加上回收意识淡薄及回收机制的缺失，“白色污染”已经超过了农田生态环境所能承受的限度。……