定语从句典型错误简析

钟群

中学英语六大从句中，定语从句的使用频率是非常高的。但学生因为受制于汉语思维，常常会在该从句的使用中出现错误的情况。通过学生的作业、考试等情况的分析总结，笔者总结出学生使用定语从句主要有以下几种典型的错误：

1. 先行词出现在定语从句中

例如“This is the book he is looking for it.”该句中的关系代词that/which代替先行词the book在定语从句中作looking for的宾语，可以省略;it指代先行词the book就不能再出现在定语从句中，所以该句的正确表达为：This is the book （that/which） he is looking for.

2. 句子结构出错

例如“The old man has two sons， both of them are teachers.”逗号前后都是独立的句子，这是不正确的英语句子结构。逗号连接的两个句子一个是主句，另外一个应该是从句，从句就应该有其引导词。所以，该句的正确表达应该是：The old man has two sons， both of whom are teachers.

3. 关系代词whose用法错误

学生误认为关系代词whose应该只用于指人的先行词，所以在“He lives in the room whose window is broken.”中，他们普遍不会用whose.实际上，关系代词whose引导的定语从句，其先行词可以是人也可以是物，只要先行词与从句中某个名词有所属关系，就要用whose引导的定语从句。

4. 关系副词when和where用法错误

学生遇到表时间的先行词或是表地点的先行词，总会用when 和where。例如“I will never forget the days when we spent together.”在这个句子中：先行词days 在定语从句中充当spent 的宾语，而不是作时间状语;所以正确表达是：I will never forget the days （that/which） we spent together.在“This is the room where he lives in.”这个句子中，先行词room在定语从句中充当介词in的宾语而不是地点状语。因此应该说：“This is the room（that＼which）he lives in.”或“This is the room where he lives.”

5. 介词+关系代词

这个结构中学生不能正确使用介词。如：Do you know the boy with whom the teacher is speaking？正確的表达是：Do you know the boy to whom the teacher is speaking？因为我们通常说speak to somebody.

这里需要注意选用介词的依据：

（1）根据定语从句中谓语的搭配习惯。例如：

The old woman with whom you talked just now is a famous artist.

（2）根据句子的意思来选择。例如：

The naughty boy made a hole in the wall through which he could see what is happening outside.

（3）表示“所有”关系或“整体中的一部分”时，通常用介词of。例如：I have about 20 books， half of which were written by Mark Twain ， the famous writer.

6. 定语从句中的主谓一致

在句子“Anyone who is late for class will be punished.”中，关系代词who代替先行词Anyone 在定语从句中作主语，所以定语从句谓语用单数。在句子“Those who have finished their tasks can go home.”中，关系代词who代替先行词Those在定语从句中作主语，所以定语从句谓语用复数。在one of+the+[C]复数+that/who+定语从句中，从句中谓语动词用复数;在the only one of +the+[C]复数+that/who+定语从句中，从句中谓语动词用单数。如：He is one of the students that are from America. He is the only one of the students that is from America.

（作者单位：四川省成都市航天中学校）