善变的with复合结构

贺霞

with复合结构是由“with/without+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。复合结构作with/without的复合宾语，with后面的宾语与其后的宾语补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系。

with复合结构的构成

1.with/without+宾语+形容词

She sleeps with the window open.

她爱开着窗户睡觉。

The children were making a snowman，with theirhands red and cold.

孩子们正在堆雪人，手又红又冰。

2.with/without+宾语+副词

The boy stood there with his head down.

男孩儿低垂着头站在那儿。

3.with/without+宾语+介词短语

Don't stand with your hands in your pockets.

站着的时候别把双手插在口袋里。

The farmer went to the field with a spade on hisshoulder.

农民肩上扛着铁锹，往田里去。

4.with/without+宾语+非谓语动词

①with/without+名词，代词+动词不定式，此时，不定式表示动作还没有发生。

Witha lot of work to do， he wasn't allowed to go out.

还有许多工作没完成，他不被允许出门。

With no one to talk to， John felt upset.

由于没有可以说话的人，约翰感到很焦虑。

He was left alone. with no one to look after him.

他被单独留下，无人照顾。

②with+名词/代词+现在分词，此时，现在分词和前面的名词或代词在逻辑上是主谓关系。

The king came in，with all his servants foUowingafter him.

国王进来了，后面跟着全体仆役。

With the boy leading him the way， the old man hadno trouble finding his old friend's house.

由于小男孩给他引路，这位老人毫不费力地找到了他老朋友的家。

She felt nervous with the whole class staring at her.

全班同学都盯着她，她觉得很紧张。

The party was organized without her knowing any-thing about it.

聚会已操办妥当，她却一无所知。

③with+名词/代词+过去分词，此时，过去分词和前面的名词或代词在逻辑上是动宾关系。

There had been a riot with twenty inj ured.

曾经发生了一场有20人受伤的暴乱。

The murder was brought in， with his hands tied be-hind his back.

谋杀犯被带了进来，双手被铐在背后。

She had to walk home with her bike stolen.

她的自行车被偷了，只能走路回家。

5.with/without+宾语+补语

He wondered if he could slide out of the lecturehall without anyone noticing him.

他想知道自己能不能溜出报告厅而不被人注意到。

6.with+宾语+名词

He cut the paper with a ruler his knife.

他用尺子当刀，裁开了纸。

with复合结构的句法功能

1.with复合结构作状语

①表示伴随情况

The boy always sleeps with his head on the arm.

这个男孩总是头枕着手臂睡觉。

The old couple often take a walk after supper in thepark with their pet dog____（follow） them.

解析：with后接非谓语动词复合结构作伴随状语，pet dog和follow之间构成主谓关系，用following。句意：这对老夫妻经常晚饭后去公园散步，他们的狗跟在后面。

He lied on the chair，with a newspaper____（ cover） his face.

解析：with后接非谓语动词复合结构作伴随状语，newspaper和cover之间构成主谓关系，用cover-ing。句意：他仰躺在椅子上，用報纸盖着脸。

He was taken to hospital，with his leg____（bleed）.

解析：with后接非谓语动词复合结构作伴随状语，leg和bleed之间构成主谓关系，用bleeding。句意：他腿上流着血，被送去了医院。

②表示原因

With the weather changed，we decided to put offthe sports meet.

天气变了，我们决定推迟运动会。

With his key lost， he couldn't get into his room.

钥匙丢了，他进不去自己的房间。

With machinery to do all the work， they will soonget in the crops.

有机械来完成这些工作，他们将很快收回庄稼。

John received an invitation to dinner， and with hiswork____（finish）， he gladly accepted it.

解析：and连接前后两个并列句。在后一个句子中，with结构为独立主格结构，对finish的逻辑主语his work来说，是“被完成”，而且不能用谓语动词，用过去分词finished表示被动关系。句意：约翰收到了一个晚餐的邀请，因为已经完成了所有的工作，他很高兴地接受了。

I couldn't do my homework with all that noise____（go）on.

解析：此处是“with+宾语+现在分词”结构在句中作原因状语，noise和go构成主动关系，填going。句意：有那噪声吵个不停，我没办法做我的作业。

_______two exams to worry about，l have to workreally hard this weekend.

解析：从句子的结构看，空格后是复合结构，又这里必须填介词，故填With。句意：要担心两个考试，这个周末我不得不刻苦一点。

③表示时间

The children began to watch TV with the homeworkdone.

做完作业后，两个孩子开始看电视。

With spring coming on， trees turn green.

春天来了，树变绿了。

④表示条件

I'd like to see the new film with time permitting.

时间允许的话，我想看场新电影。

We will have an outing tomorrow with weather fine.

明天如果天气好，我们会外出。

⑤表示结果

They have finished the peace talks with the agree-ments reached.

他们达成了协议，完成了和平对话。

2.with复合结构作定语

The wounded soldier with an old man leading theway got to the hospital very soon.

有老人帶路的受伤士兵很快到达了医院。

（责任编校/周丹）