竞技运动教练员职业压力、职业承诺与职业倦怠的关系

李薇 朱健文

摘      要：探讨竞技运动教练员职业压力、职业承诺与职业倦怠的关系及预测作用，力争对职业倦怠的产生机制有所贡献;了解教练员职业倦怠现状，人口统计学特点等，对关注教练员身心健康，保证其健康工作、幸福生活，为其职业生涯发展提供借鉴。采用量表测试、数理统计等方法对352位各级各类教练员进行测试和统计分析，研究结论：教练员职业倦怠总体程度不高，只有知识枯竭维度的程度较大;具备较好的职业承诺;职业压力刚刚迈入压力“较高”水平，任务压力最大。教练员职业倦怠与职业压力、职业承诺各维度大多存在相关关系。教练员职业压力对职业倦怠有较强正向预测作用，职业承诺的情感维度对职业倦怠各维度均有较低的预测作用，情感承诺是全面影响职业倦怠必不可少的因素。

关  键  词：运动心理;职业倦怠;职业压力;职业承诺;竞技运动教练员

中图分类号：G804.86    文献标志码：A    文章编号：1006-7116（2019）03-0065-07

Abstract： The authors probed into the relationships between and predicting functions of career stress， career commitment and career burnout of competitive sports coaches， strived to contribute somewhat to the career burnout occurrence mechanism， and gained an insight into the current situation and demographic characteristics of career burnout of the coaches， so as to care about the coaches physical and mental health， to ensure that they work healthily and live happily， and to provide reference for their career development. By means of scale test and mathematical statistics， the authors carried out a scale test on 352 coaches of all kinds at all levels， and drew the following conclusions： the overall degree of career burnout of the coaches is not high， only their knowledge exhaustion dimension reaches a relatively high degree; the coaches have good career commitments; their career stress has just entered into a high stress level， their task stress is the highest. The coaches career burnout has a correlative relationship mostly with career stress and various dimensions of career commitment. The coaches career stress has a high positive predicting function on career burnout; the emotion dimension of career burnout has a low predicting function on various dimensions of career burnout; emotion commitment is an essential factor that affects career burnout comprehensively.

Key words： sports psychology;career burnout;career stress;career commitment;competitive sports coach

现代心理学关于倦怠问题的研究中，美国心理学家弗登伯格首次采用“倦怠”一词，描述助人行业中的个体体验到的一些负性症状，如长期的情感耗竭、身体疲劳、工作卷入程度低、工作成就感降低等。在此后的几十年间，有关职业倦怠的研究迅速发展，已成为国内外临床心理学、社会心理学、组织管理学、职业健康心理学的重要研究领域[1]。在职场，职业倦怠被称为一场正在袭来的“病毒”，广泛而深入地影响着从业者;而职业压力，又被誉为“难以承受之重”，导致职业倦怠产生并可能愈发严重。……