我国苹果种植业引发的环境问题及保护对策

付三泽　宋伟　卓会敏　宋慧　任丽军

摘要 苹果是我国产量最高的水果，也是苹果适栽区域农民致富的支柱产业。但是快速发展的苹果种植业带来了严重的环境污染问题。因此了解苹果种植中的环境问题并提出解决措施是很有必要的。介绍了近十几年来我国苹果产量、栽培面积的发展趋势和苹果产区的分布情况，同时指出我国苹果种植业由于大量使用化肥农药等生产资料而带来的一系列如大气污染、水体富营养化、土壤退化、人体健康危害等环境问题，并针对这些问题提出了精确化施肥技术、建立病虫害综合防治技术体系、加强地膜和反光膜的回收利用等建议，对提高苹果质量、改善果园的生态环境、实现我国苹果产业的绿色可持续发展具有重要意义。

关键词 苹果;环境问题;保护对策

中图分类号 S181.3文献标识码 A文章编号 0517-6611（2020）11-0085-03

doi：10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2020.11.025

Abstract Apple is the fruit with the highest yield in China， and it is also the pillar industry for farmers to grow rich in apples. However， the rapid development of apple planting has brought serious environmental pollution problems. Therefore， it is necessary to understand the environmental problems in apple planting and propose solutions. This paper introduces the development trend of apple yield and cultivated area and the distribution of apple production area in China in the past ten years. At the same time， it points out that Chinas apple planting industry has brought a series of environmental problems such as air pollution， water eutrophication， soil degradation and human health hazards due to the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. In response to these problems， suggestions are made for precise fertilization techniques， establishment of integrated pest control technology systems， and enhancement of recycling of membranes and reflective membranes. It is of great significance to improve the quality of apples， improve the ecological environment of orchards， and achieve the sustainable green development of Chinas apple industry.

Key words Apple;Environmental issues;Protection countermeasures

苹果是我国种植面积最大、产量最高、经济地位最重要的果树，苹果产业在发展我国农村经济、促进农民增收、扩大出口创汇等方面均发挥了重要作用。多年来，我国苹果产量快速上升，效益逐年提高，苹果产业稳步发展[1]。然而，快速发展的苹果产业在拉动我国经济增长的同时，也引发了一系列的环境问题。比如：苹果种植区内使用的除草剂和杀虫剂污染了种植区的土壤、大气和周围的河流、地下水;苹果套袋技术的应用每年会产生大量废弃苹果袋;苹果表面的农药残留会危害人体健康和周边的环境等。……