海藻生物保水液态地膜性能研究

严国富 聂伟燕 李凯凯

摘要    本文研究了海藻生物保水液态地膜性能。从褐藻（马尾藻）中提取物海藻多糖，添加1%～5%海藻生物保水剂，然后加入一定比例甲壳胺等，研制出成膜性能好、成膜抗拉能力强的海藻保水地膜。海藻生物保水液态地膜原液成膜后最大拉断力为80.2 N，最大断裂伸长率为19%;原液成膜后最大UV透光率为8.9%、VL透光率为26.5%、IR透光率为37.1%;原液成膜后干膜抗水分蒸发量减少71.2%。原液在土壤喷洒，第5天时水分累积蒸腾量降低18.9%;在基质上喷洒，第4天时水分累积蒸腾量降低11.5%。海藻生物保水液态地膜成膜性好，具有一定韧性，透光率强，能够减少水分蒸发和蒸腾。

关键词    海藻生物保水液态地膜;抗拉力;透光率;水分蒸发;水分蒸腾

中图分类号    S316        文献标识码    A

文章编号   1007-5739（2020）13-0170-02                                                                                     開放科学（资源服务）标识码（OSID）

Abstract    In this paper， the properties of the liquid water-retaining seaweed biofilm were studied. The seaweed polysaccharide， extracted from brown algae （Sargassum）， was added with 1%-5% liquid water-retaining seaweed biofilm， and then added with a certain proportion of chitosan and other substances to develop seaweed biofilm. It had good film formation， and the tensile resistance was strong. After the liquid water-retaining seaweed biofilm （original solution） was formed， the maximum breaking force reached 80.2 N， and the elongation reached 19%; the maximum UV transmittance， VL transmittance and IR transmittance were 8.9%， 26.5% and 37.1%， respectively; the dry film resistance to water evaporation decreased by 71.2%. When the original solution was sprayed on the soil， the accumulated water transpiration decreased by 18.9% on the 5 th day; when the original solution was sprayed on the substrate， the accumulated water transpiration decreased by 11.5% on the 4 th day. The liquid water-retaining seaweed biofilm had good film formation， a certain toughness and strong transmittance， it also could reduce water evaporation and transpiration.

Key words    liquid water-retaining seaweed biofilm; tensile resistance; light transmittance; water evaporation; water transpiration

地膜指的是地面覆盖薄膜，目前最常见的地膜是塑料地膜，另外还有液态地膜和生物质地膜。地膜的应用意义重大，其可以有效地利用太阳辐射热量，减少土壤水分蒸发的热能消耗;减少肥料挥发、淋溶和流失，使肥料利用效果提高1/3左右[1];地膜也能保持土壤水分，维持土壤结构，防止害虫侵袭作物和某些微生物引起的病害等;地膜还能改进近地面光热条件，使产品卫生清洁，促进植物生长，并且对于刚出土的幼苗具有护根促长的作用[2]。常见的液态地膜已经发展到第五代，第一代液态地膜是以石油渣油或沥青为原料;第二代液态地膜是以生物质为原料;第三……