?湖南省油菜品种主要性状鉴定与利用研究

涂义秋 谢培庚 惠荣奎 郭一鸣

摘 要：为了建立湖南省油菜品种的主要农艺性状、抗病性、品质性状的数据库，对2019年全省市场销售的224份油菜品种主要性状进行了鉴定。成熟期考种结果表明：湖南省推广的品种株高在160～190 cm之间，分枝起点多在70～90 cm之间，一次分枝数多在6～9个，结角密度多在1.4～1.8个/cm，主序长度在50～65 cm，角果长度集中在5～6.5 cm，每角粒数18～24粒，千粒重3.5～4.5 g;从菌核病的抗性评价结果来看，湖南省推广品种以中感品种为主（占比59.4%），高感品种仍占有10.7%，而低感品种仅占比28.6%，中抗品种只有1个，没有高抗品种;从芥酸和硫苷检测结果来看，有63个品种芥酸未达标，60个品种硫苷未达标，达到双低标准的仅有 154 个，占比68.8%。

关键词：油菜;品种;性状;品质;菌核病;鉴定

中图分类号：S565.4 文献标识码：A文章编号：1006-060X（2020）07-0015-05

Abstract： Rapeseed is the second-largest crop in Hunan Province. In recent years， many varieties sold on market are originated widely and phenotype diversified. This study made identification of 224 rapeseed varieties collected from 2019 market in Hunan Province， which could be used to create data library of phenotypic traits， disease resistance and quality traits of Hunan rapeseed， therefore providing basis for evaluating species safety and utilizing scientifically. The results show that the plant height of the rapeseed varieties promoted in Hunan Province is between 160-190 cm， the branch starting point is mostly between 70-90 cm， the number of branches at one time is mostly 6-9， and the silique-setting density is mostly 1.4-1.8/cm， the length of the main inflorescence is 50-65 cm， the silique length is concentrated between 5.0-6.5 cm， the number of seeds per silique is 18-24， and the 1000–seed weight is 3.5-4.5 g. According to the evaluation results of resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum， most of the rapeseed varieties popularized in Hunan Province are moderately susceptible varieties （accounting for 59.4%）， high susceptible varieties still account for 10.7%， while low susceptible varieties only account for 28.6%. There is only one moderately resistant variety， high resistant varieties are not found. The test results of erucic acid and glucosinolate， 63 varieties fail to meet the standard of erucic acid content， 60 varieties fail to meet the standard of glucosinolate content， and only 154 reach the double-low standard， accounting for 68.8%.

Key words： rapeseed; variety; traits; quality; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; identification

油菜是湖南省僅次于水稻生产面积的第二大农作物，也是湖南省主要油料作物，种植面积、菜籽品质均居全国前列[1]，目前，杂交品种的应用度在80%以上，“双低”品种普及率在95%以上，均领先于全国，是国家优质油菜生产保护区。随着油菜退出主要农作物品种管理体系，而非主要农作物的品种管理制度尚不完善，导致湖南省种子市场上油菜品种数量众多、来源广、表型性状多样化，良莠不齐，目前油菜种子质量和菜籽品质下降的趋势已初露端倪。

种子是农业生产最基本的生产资料，也是保障国家粮食安全的基石，油菜品种在品质改良和杂种优势大规模利用方面均取得了巨大的成就[2-3]，为了解当前……