《尉缭子》军事情报思想研究

诸葛瑞强

(中国人民公安大学马克思主义学院 北京 100038)

Research on the Thought of Military Intelligence inWeiliaozi

Zhuge Ruiqiang

(School of Marxism, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing 100038)

Abstract:[Purpose/Significance]As one of the classics of pre-qin military studies, Weiliaozi contains abundant military information thoughts. Summarizing and exploring the connotation and characteristics of its military intelligence thought is of great significance to expand and enrich the study of Weiliaozi's thought.[Method/Process] On the basis of a systematic analysis of the military information thought of Weiliaozi, the paper mainly reveals its theoretical content and thinking process in the aspects of intelligence gathering, intelligence analysis and counterintelligence, and expounds its main theoretical features. [Result/Conclusion]Military intelligence has always been an important clue to the understanding of the war in Weiliaozi. Its understanding of military intelligence not only enriched and developed the military intelligence thought of the pre-qin period, but also produced certain guiding value for the modern war.

Keywords:counterintelligence; intelligence thought;Weiliaozi; modern value

先秦时期，不独《孙子》《吴子》诸兵书，《尉缭子》亦包含着深刻的军事情报思想。然而，较之对《孙子》等兵书情报思想的研究，学界对《尉缭子》军事情报思想的关注并不多，有学者在初步研究的基础上，已经充分揭示了这一问题的重要性：“《尉缭子》是《汉书·艺文志》列入‘兵形势家’的著作中仅存的一部，因此，更值得重视。”[1]《尉缭子》内容宏富，思想博杂，重法尚制，十分注重战略决策，因而对军事情报问题有着诸多精炼的阐述。《兵谈》《战威》诸篇对战略决策意义的强调，《战权》对“庙廊”决策、保密问题的阐述，《攻权》《原官》《分塞令》《兵教上下》《兵令上下》诸篇对情报获取、分析等问题的阐释，皆涵盖了军事情报搜集、分析和研判等内涵，使得全书贯穿着对“庙廊之论”“讲武料敌”“权敌审将”的重视。《尉缭子》对情报价值的强调，对情报搜集的阐述，对情报信息的分析以及对反情报工作的重视，构成了其军事情报思想的主要内容。

1 《尉缭子》对军事情报的整体认识

精准的军事情报，不仅是正确决策的前提，通常也是制胜的关键，因而任何的战争决策和战势研判，都离不开军事情报的有力支撑。对此，克劳塞维茨指出“情报是指我们对敌人和敌国所了解的全部材料，是我们一切想法和行动的基础。”[2]

《尉缭子》重视情报问题，形成了以“料敌”为内核的“庙胜”思想，这主要通过其对战略决策的重视体现出来。“战不必胜，不可以言战”(《攻权》)，为了作出理性的战争决策，胜敌一筹，《尉缭子》十分注重战略决策，“《尉缭子》中对战略决策的作用是非常重视的，认为取得战争的胜利有“道胜”、“威胜”和“力胜”三种途径，而最高明的是“道胜”，即靠谋略取得胜利。……