《墨子》情报思想研究

刘进有

(中国人民大学国学院 北京 100872)

Research on the Intelligence Thought inMozi

Liu Jinyou

(School of Chinese Classics,Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872)

Abstract:[Purpose/Significance]As one of the classic works in the era of philosophers, "Mozi" has its special value and significance. The book contains rich intelligence thoughts. Through summarizing and mining its intelligence thoughts, it is of great significance to expand the ideological theory of Mozi and the research of intelligence in pre Qin Dynasty.[Method/Process]This article focuses on systematically combing and summarizing the theoretical content of "Mo Zi", such as intelligence, intelligence collection, intelligence analysis, and counter intelligence.[Result/Conclusion]Mozi's information theory is an important clue in the theory of the whole book. Although its intelligence theory has some shortcomings, its unique intelligence cognition enriches and develops the intelligence thought of pre Qin Dynasty, which still has certain reference and enlightenment significance for modern information work.

Keywords:Mozi; intelligence thought; intelligence view; counter intelligence; spy

情报在国家政治、经济、军事、外交等诸多活动中占据着重要地位，“在新的形势下，情报工作的战略地位更加突显，迫切需要研究各领域情报工作的特性以及整体情报工作的共性”[1]。因此，情报研究也理应引起我们的重视。岑仲勉在《墨子城守各篇简注》自序中提出“《墨子》这几篇书，我以为在军事学中，应该与《孙子兵法》同当作重要资料，两者不可偏废的”[2]。可以说，作为传统经典的《墨子》，同《孙子兵法》一样，也蕴含着丰富的军事内容与情报思想，目前学界对其情报方面的研究与关注仍然不够。《墨子》一书中有许多篇章，尤其是涉及战争的城守诸章，对情报问题有着独到见解，因此我们有必要对其有关情报方面的内容进行挖掘与阐释。

1 《墨子》情报观的两个面向

1.1得情：上下相通的前提墨子将“得情”看作是国家政治、军事运行的前提，《尚同中》载：“天子既以立矣，以为唯其耳目之请(情)，不能独一同天下之义，是故选择天下赞阅贤良、圣知、辩慧之人”。墨子认为天下辽远广阔，四方难以达成统一，除了各种诸侯官员之外，“唯其耳目之请(情)”之法，也即以“耳目”了解四方之情，对治国理政与战争都是极为有利的。古代的圣王需要明白情报的重要性，通过秘密检察的方式，做到“上下情请(情)为通”，才能为下面的人提供便利，并消除各种怨恨；使君王提前知道四方的好事与坏事，并进行奖励与惩罚：“上有隐事遗利，下得而利之。下有蓄怨积害，上得而除之。……