镧系发光材料用于生物成像的研究进展

2021-01-06 04:19:52李梦梦焦静静杨仕平
上海师范大学学报·自然科学版 2021年6期

李梦梦 焦静静 杨仕平

摘  要: 镧系元素因其特殊的4f电子层结构而具有优异的光谱特性,如尖锐的线状谱带和相对较长的激发态寿命,这大大提高了其光学成像性能,是一类新型的成像元素.但其电子跃迁几率低,表现出较差的发光强度及较低的吸光效率,这对镧系发光材料作为生物成像探针的发展有一定的阻碍.近些年,研究者们通过设计镧系材料组成与结构,对其发光性能进行调控,使其成像性能得到了极大的提升.该文分别综述了镧系配合物、镧系纳米粒子作为成像探针的发光原理、材料类型及生物应用.

关键词: 镧系元素; 配合物; 纳米材料; 生物发光成像

中图分类号: O 614.33;R 318.51  文献标志码: A  文章编号: 1000-5137(2021)06-0737-08

Abstract: Due to the special structure of 4f electron layer, lanthanides have excellent spectral characteristics, such as sharp linear bands and relatively long excited state lifetime, which greatly improves their optical imaging performance and makes them a new type of imaging elements. However, their low electron transition probability, low light absorption efficiency, and low luminescence intensity have hindered the development of lanthanide luminescent materials as biological imaging probes. In recent years, numerous researchers have tried to resolve this problem through designing luminescence materials based on lanthanides elements. This article summarizes the recent advance in the luminant mechanism, material types, and biological applications of lanthanide coordination complexes and lanthanide nanoparticles as bioluminescence imaging agents.

Key words: lanthanide; coordination complexes; nanomaterials; bioluminescence imaging

0  引 言

镧系元素具有4f电子轨道,其多样的电子构型、丰富的电子能级赋予了镧系材料优异的光学性质[1-3].每种镧系金属离子均具有独特的跃迁能级,特殊的4f-4f能级的跃迁禁阻使其发射光谱表现出狭窄、尖锐的谱带(半峰宽通常小于10 nm),产生的单个峰很容易区分,且其发光光谱具有特异性.同时,镧系元素具有相对较长的发光寿命,如小型有机荧光团和荧光蛋白发光仅几纳秒,镧系元素发光可以持续几毫秒.但跃迁禁阻也使其电子跃迁几率较小,表现出较低的吸光效率以及较差的发光强度,消光系数远低于常用的荧光团(镧系元素的消光系数小于10 L·mol-1·cm-1,有机荧光团和荧光蛋白的消光系数为10 000~100 000 L·mol-1·cm-1)[4].直接、高效地激发镧系金属所需的光强度……

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