王保明 颜士华 谭晓风


摘 要:乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(Acetyl-CoA carboxylase,ACCase)是催化脂肪酸合成的关键和限速步骤。该文介绍了ACCase的分类及结构特征,阐述了其在脂肪合成代谢中的作用和在除草剂中的应用,分析了它的表达调控及反馈机理,揭示了ACCase基因的克隆及表达鉴定,并展望了ACCase在植物育种中的应用前景。
关键词:植物;ACCase;基因;结构功能;表达调控
中图分类号 S364.3 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1007-7731(2021)01-0017-08
Study of the Structural Function and Expressing Regulation of ACCase Genes
WANG Baoming1,2,3 et al.
(1College of Agriculture & forestry Science and Technology, Hunan Applied Technology University, Changde 415000, China; 2College of Modern Agriculture, Linyi University of Science and Technology, Linyi 276000,China; 3“2011”Cooperative Innovation Center of Cultivation and Utilization for Non-Wood Forest Trees of Hunan Province (Central South University of Forestry and Technology),Changsha 410004, China)
Abstract: ACCase is the critical step and rate limiting step in fat synthesis. In this paper, its classification and structural features were introduced, and its roles in lipid metabolism and application in herbicides were elaborated. Moreover, its mechanism of expressing regulation and feedback were also analyzed, and the cloning and expression patterns of ACCase genes were revealed. Finally, its application and prospect in plant breeding were prospected.
Key words: Plant; ACCase; Gene; Structural function; Expressing regulation
1 乙酰輔酶A羧化酶的结构、分类和功能
乙酰辅酶A(Acetyl coenzyme A,Acetyl-CoA)是碳进入油脂合成代谢途径的关键底物,而乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(Acetyl-CoA carboxylase,ACCase)能够催化Acetyl-CoA转化为丙二酰辅酶A(Malonyl CoA)而进入脂肪酸合成和油脂代谢途径。ACCase属于生物素Ⅰ酶,Malonyl CoA是脂肪酸合成和脂酰链延伸系统代谢的底物[1-2]。它在脂肪酸合成中作为C2单位供体,作为线粒体穿梭系统的调节因子,是脂肪酸氧化中一个代谢底物和蛋白活性的调控代谢物[3-5]。ACCase的催化反应不仅是关键步骤,也是限速步骤[4,6]。生物体内的ACCase包括异质型和同质型,其中,同质型ACCase含有生物素羧化酶(biotin carboxylase,BC)、生物素羧基载体蛋白(biotin carboxylase carrier protein,BCCP)和羧基转移酶(carboxyl transferase,CT)3个功能域[7]。异质型ACCase是植物从头合成脂肪酸的限速酶和关键酶,由BC、BCCP、α-CT和β-CT4个亚基组成[6,8-9]。其中,BC、BCCP和α-CT为核基因accC、accB以及accA编码,β-CT为质体基因accD编码。BC是糖异生、脂肪合成、氨基酸代谢和能量转换的关键酶。生物素共因子从碳酸盐捕获CO2,催化转运羧酸盐形成细胞代谢产物,它以共价键连接在BC亚基上,在ACCase羧化Acetyl-CoA的过程中作为羧基的中间载体,BC和CT各催化2个独立的半反应[9-17]:
第1个半反应:
E-biotin(BCCP)+[HCO-3]+Mg2+-ATP[]E-biotin-[CO-2]+Mg2+-ADP + Pi:biotin carboxylase;
第2个半反应:
E-biotin-CO2-(BCCP-CO2)+acetyl-CoA[]E-biotin(BCCP)+malonyl-CoA: carboxyltransferase。
BCCP作为活化羧基供体,在BC和CT之间摆动以传递羧基。……