南阳市烟叶采烤一体化的现状分析

刘园 程玉渊 吴疆 李倩 牛莉莉 张海枞 刘流 冯莹 习红昂 邢雪霞 李鹏 张常兴

摘要 为切实提高烟叶采烤组织化程度，推动专业化烘烤进程，改善烟叶原料供给水平，南阳市通过“1131”采烤一体化模式构建，对不同烘烤模式用工数量、烟叶产质量和经济效益进行综合评价，分析讨论了现阶段采烤一体化面临的问题和建议。结果表明，与传统烘烤模式相比，“采烤一体化”模式可减少用工4.2个，节约用工投入294元，烘烤损失率减少2.75百分点，上等烟比例增加3.42百分点，中上等烟比例增加5.21百分点，均价增加0.92元/kg，综合利润增加1 619.37元/炕。然而该利润并不能有效调动烟农的积极性，采烤一体化工作仍然面临烘烤师队伍后劲不足、职工积极性不高、信息化手段应用不足等情况，需要从职业烟农队伍培育、优化奖励机制、强化信息技术应用等方面加以解决，切实推动烟叶高质量发展。

关键词 烟叶;采烤一体化;实践;问题;对策

中图分类号 TS44 文献标识码 A 文章编号 0517-6611（2021）01-0034-03

doi：10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2021.01.009

Abstract In order to effectively improve the degree of tobacco tissue organization， to promote the process of specialization curing and improve the supply level of tobacco materials， Nanyang City explored the localized implementation mode of tobacco ‘picking and baking integration through the construction of ‘1131 mode， evaluated the number of employees， tobacco quality and economic benefits of different curing modes， discussed the problems and suggestions of the picking and baking integration. The results showed that compared with the traditional baking mode，‘picking and baking integration mode reduced the number of employees of 4.2， saved labor input 294 yuan， reduced baking loss rate by 2.75 percentage points， increased proportion of tobacco with first-class by 3.42 percentage points， enhanced the proportion of tobacco with first and middle-class by 5.21 percentage points. The price increased by 0.92 yuan /kg， comprehensive profit increased by 1 619.37 yuan per baking house. However， the profit could not effectively arouse the enthusiasm of tobacco grower， picking and baking integration still faced problems， such as team lost momentum， worker shortage and insufficient application of informatization. Only in the way that the construction of professional tobacco farmers， optimization the reward system and application of information technology， tobacco would have the high quality development.

Key words Tobacco;Picking and baking integration;Practice;Problem;Countermeasure

煙叶烘烤阶段对烟叶风格特色的形成起决定性作用，然而烘烤过程面临着诸多亟待解决的问题。操作上存在烟叶烘烤过程物质转化不完全[1]、采收时成熟度不高、烘烤操作不当、烘烤工艺未与天气因素相协调[2-4]等问题，导致烟叶青杂气过重，影响烟叶吸食质量。管理上存在采收和编竿环节管理不佳，烘烤过程出现严重掉温现象，造成烟叶损失率过高;用工时间与大农作物重叠，劳动力难寻，只可通过提高工资、使用大龄工人、提供烟酒食宿等途径解决，造成劳务用工成本高、雇工难管理、效率没保障、质量难检验等问题。……