车用质子交换膜燃料电池电堆耐久性问题研究综述

谢晓荷

摘 要：近年来，在国内外研究人员的不懈努力下，燃料电池技术取得了长足的进步。但是，耐久性差和可靠性不足，仍然是阻碍其大规模商业化的重要因素。现阶段针对燃料电池性能衰减问题的研究，从关键组件到核心材料，有很多新的观点、规律和机理，已经得到大家的认可。然而，燃料电池内部微观层面的复杂的结构蠕变和粒子传输特性衰变，依然模糊不清。本文主要介绍了燃料电池的基本原理，以及在典型车载燃料电池工况包括启-停工况、怠速工况、动态负荷工况、额定功率工况和过载工况下的衰减过程机理。这些研究成果的综述，对质子交换膜燃料电池堆耐久性机理研究及耐久工况的设计实施具有重要意义。

关键词：质子交换膜燃料电池 耐久性

A Review of Research on Durability of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Stacks for Vehicles

Xie Xiaohe

Abstract：In recent years， with the unremitting efforts of domestic and foreign researchers， fuel cell technology has made considerable progress. However， poor durability and insufficient reliability are still important factors hindering its large-scale commercialization. In the current stage of research on fuel cell performance degradation， from key components to core materials， there are many new ideas， laws and mechanisms that have been recognized by everyone. However， the complicated structural creep and the decay of particle transport characteristics at the micro level inside the fuel cell are still unclear. This article mainly introduces the basic principles of fuel cells and the mechanism of the attenuation process in typical vehicle fuel cell operating conditions including start-stop operating conditions， idling operating conditions， dynamic load operating conditions， rated power operating conditions and overload conditions. The review of these research results is of great importance to the research on the durability mechanism of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack and the design and implementation of durability conditions.

Key words：Proton exchange membrane fuel cell，durability

1 背景介绍

人类社会飞速的发展消耗了大量的化石能源，随之而来的环境污染和气候变化的问题已经成为全球关注的焦点。同时，石油危机和能源安全问题成为了各国可持续发展的主要矛盾，全球的汽车产业面临着巨大的挑战。燃料电池汽车（FCV）以其零污染、长续航里程、氢气来源广泛和加注时间短的优势称为能源转型的突破口，将逐步拓展至交通运输、工业生产、家庭生活等领域，人类社会将逐步跨入氢经济时代[1]。

在过去的几十年里，人们一直致力于研发性能优异、价格低廉的质子交换膜燃料电池。特别是近年来，美国、加拿大、韓国、日本、中国、欧盟等国家和地区不断加大对燃料电池示范应用和基础设施的投入。……