不同施肥处理对甘蓝的农艺性状及产量影响

杨敬之 尹显慧 龙友华 舒然 顾桂飞 龙海江

摘 要：以“小鐵球”甘蓝为试材，选用缓释型氮肥、微生物菌肥和有机肥部分替代化肥，采用全程化肥减量施肥与常规施肥对比试验，研究不同施肥处理对甘蓝的农艺性状和产量影响，以期为建立经济效益明显的甘蓝化肥减施增效技术模式奠定理论基础。结果表明：一次性施缓释肥处理的甘蓝叶片开展度和株高分别为54.44 cm和36.5 cm，相较常规施肥处理分别高出12 cm和4.5 cm，说明一次性施缓释肥应用效果优于常规施肥。在总化肥减施率达50.88%的条件下，全程化肥减量施肥处理的N、P、K肥利用率分别为37.19%、33.25%和35.41%，相比常规施肥的肥料利用率提高18.44%～22.73%。全程化肥减量施肥处理甘蓝每667m2的产量为6450 kg，相较常规施肥每667 m2增产12.17 %，增收280元。综上，全程化肥减量施肥处理在产量和收益上都优于常规施肥，在甘蓝生长期减少50%化肥用量，并且采用腐殖酸水溶肥、氨基酸水溶肥、海藻酸甲壳螯合钾和缓释型氮肥替代化肥施用，为甘蓝化肥减施增效技术的实际应用提供科学参考依据。

关键词：甘蓝;化肥减施;缓释肥;农艺性状;产量

Abstract：Taking "Xiaotieqiu" cabbage as the test material，a comparative experimentbetweenthe whole process of chemical fertilizer reduction fertilization and conventional fertilizationwas used to studyagronomic characteristics and yield of cabbage by different fertilization treatments，selecting slow-release nitrogen fertilizers，microbial fertilizers and organic fertilizers to partially replace chemical fertilizersIt is expected to lay a theoretical foundation for the establishment of a technical model of reduced application and efficiency enhancement of cabbage with obvious economic benefits. The results showed that the leaf development and plant height of cabbage treated with a one-time slow-release fertilizer treatment were 54.44 cm and 36.5 cm，respectively，which were 12 cm and 4.5 cm higher than the conventional fertilization treatment，respectively，indicating that the application effect of the one-time slow-release fertilizer was better than that of the conventional fertilization. Under the condition that the total fertilizer reduction rate reached 50.88%，the N，P，and K fertilizer utilization rates of the whole chemical fertilizer reduction fertilization treatment were 37.19%，33.25%，and 35.41%，which is 18.44%～22.73% higher than that of conventional fertilization. The yield of cabbage per 667 m2 treated with reduced chemical fertilizer fertilization in the whole process was 6450 kg，which was an increase of 12.17% and 280 yuan in income compared with conventional fertilization. In summary，the full-process fertilizer reduction fertilization treatment is superior to conventional fertilization in terms of yield and profit. During the cabbage growth period，the amount of chemical fertilizer is reduced by 50%.In addition，humic acid water-soluble fertilizer，amino acid water-soluble fertilizer，potassium alginate chelated potassium and slow-release nitrogen fertilizer were used instead of chemical fertilizers to provide scientific reference for the actual application of cabbage fertilizer reduction and efficiency technology.

Keywords：Cabbage;Reduced fertilizer application;Slow-release fertilizer;Agronomic traits;Yield

结球甘蓝（Brassica oleracea L.）是十字花科芸薹属甘蓝种的一个变种，其含有多种维生素和矿物盐类，其中以维生素A最多，还含有维生素K2、维生素U等抗溃疡因子和一些硫化物、半胱氨酸和优质蛋白，具有防癌、肝脏解毒作用[1]。

在各类蔬菜中，甘蓝属于需肥量较大一类，在生产过程中容易出现过量施肥的问题，不但造成了资源浪费，而且导致甘蓝产量和品质下降，甚至造成耕地盐渍化[2]。……