杨 新 荣 熊 勤 梁 贯 成
自20世纪80年代以来,关于教师知识的研究一直是国际教师教育研究领域关注的焦点。特别在近年来,国际研究者在教师知识研究领域不断拓展,研究方法不断创新,同时研究重心也有了新的转向。如自2000年以来,来自不同国家和不同领域的研究者进行了一系列的实证研究来探索教师知识总体或某种特定知识(如学科知识和学科教学法知识)与教师教学行为(或教学质量)和学生成绩的关系。①Hill, H., Rowan, B.& Ball, D. Effects of teachers' mathematical knowledge for teaching on student achievement[J]. American Educational Research Journal, 2005, 42(2): 371-406.②Keller, M., Neumann, K.& Fischer, H. The impact of physics teachers’ pedagogical contentknowledge and motivation on students’ achievement and interest [J]. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 2016, 54(5): 586-614.在该方面的研究中,有些研究者甚至采用了纵向研究设计跟踪教师知识或教师知识的某个特定方面对其教学行为和学生学习变化的影响。③Baumert, J., Kunter, M., Blum, W. et al. Teachers' mathematical knowledge, cognitive activation in the classroom, and student progress[J]. American Educational Research Journal, 2010, 47(1): 133-180.④Desimone, L., Hochberg, E.& McMaken, J. Teacher knowledge and instructional quality of beginning teachers: growthand linkages [J]. Teachers College Record, 2015, 118(5), 1-54.虽然当前研究结果不尽一致,但多数实证结果都表明教师知识是影响教师教学质量和学生学习成绩的核心要素。同时,通过运用教育或心理测量相关技术,当前不同学科领域研究者开始尝试开发具备较高信效度的测试工具对教师知识进行测试。⑤Juettner, M., Williame, B., Soonhye, P.& Birgit, N. Development and use of a test instrument to measure biology teachers'content knowledge (CK) and pedagogical content knowledge (PCK)[J]. Educational Assessment Evaluation and Accountability, 2013,25(1): 45-67.在测试知识的过程中,除了传统的纸笔测试工具外,研究者也开始考虑使用其他技术手段(如视频和综合课堂观察−教学情景展示等)。⑥Alonzo, A.& Kim, J. Declarative and dynamic pedagogical content knowledge as elicited through two video based interview methods[J]. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 2016, 53(8): 1 259-1286.通过运用这些具备较高信效度的教师知识测试工具,近年来研究者开始定量探索教师知识作为一个多维结构(如包含学科知识、学科教学知识和一般教学知识等)中不同教师知识成分之间的关系,⑦Großschedl, J., Harms, U., Kleickmann, T.& Glowinski, I. Preservice biology teachers' professional knowledge: structure and learning opportunities[J]. Journal of ence Teacher Education, 2015, 26(3): 291-318.或者实证探索不同知识成分(如学科知识和学科教学知识)的可区分程度。⑧Charalambos, Y., Hill, H.& McGinn, D. Mathematical content knowledge and knowledge for teaching: exploring their distinguishability and contribution to student learning [J]. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 2020, 23: 579–613.此外,近年来研究者也开始从学习机会或教师专业学习等视角,定量探索教师职前和职后培训效果对教师知识的影响。……