东南阙里 南孔圣地

2021-05-31 02:56叶维洁
文化交流 2021年3期
关键词:南宗孔氏家庙

叶维洁

观古今,人事即世事。要讲述中华数千年的文明故事,终有一人绕不过去——孔子。数千年来,他穷其一生创立与弘扬的儒学,至今仍是中华传统文化的璀璨明珠。

寻踪溯源孔家血脉,也终有一地绕不过去——衢州。

自唐朝以来,全国郡县皆设孔庙,祭祀读书人的祖师爷孔夫子。清朝末年,全国有大小孔庙或文庙6000多座。而孔子家庙“普天下唯二焉”,其一在山东曲阜,其二便在浙江衢州。

孔子是山东人,家庙为什么会在衢州?数千年后的今天,孔子思想如何影响着衢州百姓生活?当地百姓又是如何将其珍惜、传承并发扬光大?

衢州,老城区,新桥街上,孔子文化公园内,伫立着一尊高约9米、重13吨的孔子青铜巨像。金属的沉与光的灼相互碰撞,孔圣人的恭安之貌也显出威严。

所谓“仁者见山”。孔子像身后,是见证衢州人文历史的府山。他双眼目望向的那片红墙黑瓦,便是孔氏南宗家庙,是他的后裔繁衍生息了将近900年的地方。

孔氏南宗家庙,位于衢州市区府山街道新桥街,全国仅存的两个孔氏家庙之一,素称“南宗”,为全国重点文物保护单位。

“清朝兵部尚书李之芳《清康熙衢州重修孔氏家庙碑》撰文刻碑:孔氏之家庙者遍行天下,唯曲阜衢州耳。”孔氏后人孔祥楷,目前是曲阜、衢州、台湾孔庙最后的奉祀官。

衢州孔庙含家庙、孔府、花园。坊间有言“曲阜有庙没有人,台北有人没有庙,衢州有庙又有人”。所谓“有人”,指的就是孔祥楷。家庙是祭祀祖先的庙堂;孔府和家庙一墙之隔,他儿时曾在此居住。

人间沧桑,国学又热。1992年,衢州成为省历史文化名城。1994年,衢州入选全国重点历史文化名城。几乎是所有衢州人的共识,衢州获“历史文化名城”殊荣的第一大功臣正是孔氏南宗家庙。

可是,衢州怎么会有孔氏家庙呢?

据《衢州孔氏南宗家庙志》记载:建炎二年(112年),宋高宗赵构在扬州祭天,孔子第48代嫡长孙、衍圣公孔端友奉诏陪祭。此后,金兵大举南侵,高宗君臣仓皇南渡。建炎三年正月,高宗驻跸临安(杭州),因孔端友率近支族人扈跸南渡有功,赐家衢州建家庙。

元世祖忽必烈统一中国后,令南宗孔子第53代嫡长孙孔洙从衢州北迁,载爵去曲阜奉祀。接诏后,孔洙即进京向元世祖面陈两难心境:衢州已有五代坟墓,若遵皇上诏令北迁,自己实不忍离弃先祖的坟墓;若不离弃先祖庙墓,又将有违圣意。孔洙愿将自己的衍圣公爵位让给他在曲阜的族弟世袭。元世祖乃称赞孔洙“宁违荣而不违道,真圣人之后也”。

就这样,在衢州孔氏南宗的礼让下,曲阜孔治获得“衍圣公”世袭爵位。

1935年1月18日,国民政府任命孔子77代孙、衍圣公孔德成为奉祀官。与此同时,衢州第二任“大成至圣先师奉祀官”孔繁豪改任“大成至圣先师南宗奉祀官”。1944年10月,孔繁豪逝世,虚龄7岁的二房长子孔祥楷承袭世职。1993年,孔祥楷在阔别家乡38年后,受邀重回故里“中兴南宗”。

孔府与家庙一墙之隔,是孔子嫡裔长支世代居住和办理庙务的场所。现在的孔府是1998年在考古发掘遗址的基础上,依照原来的地基复建的。

现存家庙,建于明朝正德年间,屡毁屡修。1999年,衢州市人民政府修葺家庙并复建了家庙西轴线上的五支祠、袭封祠、六代公爵祠以及孔府、花园,并于2000年5月竣工。2008年,东轴线的建筑物全部复建,依次是家塾、恩官祠、启圣祠、圣泽楼。

孔府大堂高悬的匾额上书“泗淛同源”。“泗”指曲阜“泗水”,孔子墓就在泗水河北岸;“淛”是“浙”的古体字。短短四字,象征南北同源。

历经风雨斜阳,衢州孔庙的建制一直按南渡家庙的规制。独有的思鲁阁表达着强烈的思乡之情。

对于衢州人而言,孔庙是生活的一部分。儿时,学校春游都会来;长大了,每每有客到访,也总要带他们来转转。可许多人听罢,常会惊讶“曲阜的三孔(孔府、孔庙、孔林)闻名天下,没想到还有衢州。”

“没想到”三个字,惹人惆怅。

“有作為才有地位!”孔祥楷的另一个身份是孔氏南宗家庙管委会主任,他常说的这句话,亦是行为准则。回归故里后,他主持“南孔”发扬光大。这些年,随着研究、宣传工作的到位,“南孔”名号日趋响亮。尤其在2004年,衢州恢复中断半个多世纪的祭孔大典后,“南孔”逐步走向全国,乃至世界。

祭拜孔子始于汉朝,明清时规模达到巅峰。

“慎终追远,民德归厚矣”。今时今日,到底是“谁”在祭祀孔夫子?“南孔”祭祀大典的重要历史意义,在于创新性地回答了这个问题。

主殿大成殿,是庙内的最高建筑。殿内正中是孔子座像,两旁侍立着其子伯鱼及孙子思像。

孟子说:“孔子之谓集大成。集大成也者,金声而玉振之也。”孔氏家庙的主殿,即是大成殿。孔氏南宗家庙的祭孔大典主场便在这里。

殿外,几棵银杏岿然,树龄已近五百年。其对面悬挂着雍正帝所书匾额。“生民未有”几个大字,概括了孔子“前无古人”的存在。

殿内,悬挂的“万世师表”则是康熙御笔,寓意孔子是所有人学习的榜样。匾额之下,是标准古代帝王形象的孔子。他在唐玄宗时期被封文宣王。独子孔鲤(字伯鱼)、孙子孔伋(字子思)分别在两旁。孔伋相传是《中庸》作者。

大成殿内外,祖孙三人与老树,一同见证孔氏南宗的绵延不息,也见证当代人对孔子的追思与传扬。

为何,又何为“当代人”?

2000年5月上旬,孔祥楷到家庙主持工作。对孔氏南宗家庙祭孔的定位,是他认为做得最有意义的事件之一。“曲阜的祭祀活动中,参祭者有的穿汉服,有的穿明代或清代的服饰。有不少人认为,祭古人,就须用古人的祭祀仪式。我觉得未必。”

在一篇回忆文中,孔祥楷这样表述他的观点:“纪念孔子的方式,各个时代有各个时代的形式。祭祀者当穿当代人的服饰,行当代人的礼节,必须撤去那些与当代习俗不合的古礼。”

2004年9月28日,孔子2555周年诞辰纪念日,衢州举行了新中国成立以来的首次祭孔大典,与在台北孔庙、曲阜孔庙同步举行的大有不同。

在形式上,“献五谷”代替了“供太牢”;着现代装的市民代替了着古装的“演员”;改佾舞为朗诵《论语》章句,全场合唱《大同颂》,歌词是《礼运·大同篇》。

在规制上,由乐、歌、舞、礼四部分构成的传统大型庙堂祭祀乐舞被大胆革新:歌舞部分独立为大典前一天的纪念晚会;而其余部分则简化为“礼启、祭礼、颂礼、礼成”四个篇章,整个礼程不到40分钟。

每年祭祀也各有偏重。逢“五”逢“十”年份举行的社会公祭,尽可能扩大参祭人员范围;剩余四年中,交替举行孔子文化节和学祭,由各校校长、老师、学生参祭,祭祀主题可与当下社会热点结合。例如,借“六艺”,2013年的学祭主题是“推动现代职业教育”,全市各类职业院校都有代表参加。

与时俱进的祭孔大典,被更多人看懂、认可、称赞。

曾参加衢州祭孔的美国学者马黛兰教授,给孔祥楷致信说:“孔子是人,不是神。我们敬佩你们的胆识,理解你们的苦心……你们移走了大型铜塑行教像,废止了牛羊祭品……是很了不起的创造!”

巴西戈亚斯联邦大学校长爱德华,曾受邀参加过南孔祭祀典礼。特别喜爱儒家文化的他,对此念念不忘。他期待着进一步加深对中国儒学文化的理解。

越来越多的外国学者,愿意走近“南孔”,分享儒学。自2004年开始,衢州以祭孔大典为载体,以孔子学院为媒介,到2018年底,先后有来自57个国家的130家孔子学院的270位负责人来衢,或参祭,或访问。

有专家认为,孔氏南宗与北宗的最大区别,在于孔子从圣坛走向民间,从“神本位”走向“人本位”。2011年,定位“当代人祭祀孔子”的“南孔祭典”被列入国家级非物质文化遗产。经过十几年实践,“南孔”的祭祀始终体现着当代老百姓对伟大先哲的崇敬。

“南孔”是一段历史、一种托思,更是一种无处不在、与人共生的精神符号。

别的景点,门票多是印着代表性照片的薄纸一张。衢州孔庙不然,门票是袖珍《论语》半部,或“上”或“下”。精心的设计出自北宋赵普“半部《论语》治天下”的典故。

为事在人。“儒学对中国社会的影响深远长久。孔子思想核心是仁,孔夫子教我们怎么做人,怎么在社会上与人相处。”在孔府生活的日子里,孔祥楷始终浸润在“做人”的道理之中。

比如,孔府大门的纪晓岚所题楹联,上联“与国咸休安富尊荣公府第”中,“富”的宝盖头少了点,意为“富贵无顶”;又如,内宅屏风上所画神兽“犭贪   ”生性饕餮、贪得无厌,是告诫子孙不要贪赃枉法。

“饭疏食饮水,曲肱而枕之,乐亦在其中矣”。两处地方恰恰呼应着孔子的“安贫乐道”价值观。

孔祥楷熟知庙中的任何细微之处。花园鱼塘边,卖鱼饵的地方无人值守,唯有支付二维码,游客自付自取。夏日出售雪糕也同样。从某种意义上,这种“放权”是对人品德的信任。

国人尊儒。作为儒学核心,仁、义、礼、智、圣、恕、忠、孝、悌等思想,塑造着中华民族的品性。孔庙不远处的中国儒学馆着墨儒学,收集着丰富的儒学典籍与文献资料,成为传播儒家文化的大课堂。

将儒学文化视为核心竞争力,衢州儒学文化产业园区2012年起建设,2015年成为国家级文化产业试验园区。水亭门历史街区是园区的核心区域之一。这片衢州传统风貌建筑最集中、历史文化遗存最丰富的街区,商铺林立,人来人往,有产业的物质,也有儒学的精神,更有“衢州有礼”城市品牌的诠释。

随意走进一家餐馆,“公筷行动”的海报广而告之“用餐文明”。新冠肺炎疫情期间,《衢州市文明行为促进条例》明确把用餐时使用公筷公勺,列为餐饮服务机构和个人的法定义务。这是把使用公筷公勺和分餐制首次写入我省地方性法规。

教育,不是说教,是春风化雨的潜移默化。种种细节,源于2018年衢州向全社会发布的“南孔圣地·衢州有礼”城市品牌。衢州要以“礼”字为核心,撑起整个城市品格的“四梁八柱”。

“德不孤、必有邻”“有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎”……儒学不仅是中国文化的珍贵遗产和瑰宝,而且也是全人类的文化财富。

2018年,“南孔爺爷”卡通形象登上美国纽约时代广场纳斯达克屏。“南孔”这一儒学符号化为纽带,联通中国与世界。

在纪念孔子2567周年诞辰的孔子文化节上,华东师范大学国际汉语教师研修基地儒学文化体验中心在衢州揭幕。衢州,由此成为向外国教师和学者展示中国传统文化的一扇窗口。

与当年孔子的教师身份一样,这些来到南孔圣地进行中国传统文化培训的海外汉语教师,是中文的教学者,也是中国传统文化、儒家思想的追随者、爱好者、传播者。他们把从“南孔”收获的中国故事,讲给世界更多人听。

城市是一本打开的书,从中可以看到它的古今。

论古,在“南孔”的影响下,衢州300公里之内,出现了朱熹、王阳明、吕祖谦、叶适、黄宗羲等大儒;论今,浸染了衢州每一个角落的儒家文化,正在“让南孔文化重重落地”。

Quzhou—A City Forged by Confucianism

by Ye Weijie

History is made by people. One cannot talk about the Chinese civilization without mentioning Confucius (551-479 BC), whose legacy remains a resplendent pearl in the national spirit. If the best way to understand something is to start from its root, Quzhou is the place to be to find out more, for it hosts the ancestral temple of Chinas most famous teacher and the founder of Confucianism.

Confucianism was so revered throughout most of the history of China that Confucius temples were all over the country in the Tang times; and by the late years of the Qing dynasty, the number had topped 6,000. The consensus has long been reached that Qufu and Quzhou, where the Ancestral Temple of Confucius is a must-visit for any tourist, are the two places that best represent the architectural heritage of Confucius.

It is interesting to notice the fact that the legacy of Confucius is the spiritual base of a city that is thousands of miles away from the mans birthplace; and it is inspiring to see with ones own eyes the active interaction between the teachings of a philosopher born about 2,500 years ago and the Quzhou locals today.

The centerpiece of the citys Confucius Culture Park, seated on Xinqiao Street in the old town area, is a statue of Confucius, standing 9 meters high and weighing 13 tons. The statue is positioned to cast the gaze towards the ancestral temple, where the mans descendents thrived for more than 900 years. The statues solemnity is a perfect match to Fushan Hill, another “time capsule” emblematic of the historic and cultural profundity of Quzhou.

The Confucius complex in Quzhou contains an ancestral temple, the family mansion and a garden, and is rich in life because of Kong Xiangkai, one of the descendents of Confucius. His childhood years were spent here. Quzhou joined the first-tier legion of Chinas “most historically and culturally distinct cities” in 1994; and it has long been a consensus among all Quzhou people that the Confucius  estate is the biggest contributor to such a significant laurel.

Records of the time suggest that Kong Duanyou, the 48th-generation descendant of Confucius, was rewarded by Zhao Gou, the first emperor of Southern Song dynasty, with an ancestral temple built in Quzhou in 113 AD, after the emperor and his followers fled in the warring chaos to the south and settled down in present-day Hangzhou.

Kong Xiangkai, the eldest son of Kong Fanhao, former chief of Confucius sacrificial activities of Quzhou, took over the torch after his father died, in 1944, when he was only 7. Kong Xiangkai visited Quzhou in 1993.

Originally built for residential and administrative purposes, the family mansion that sits right next to the Confucius Temple is a remake of the archaeological remains excavated in 1998. The ancestral temple people see today is also a remake of the original structures, and the restoration of many elaborate architectural details took years to complete. The writings on an inscribed board that welcome the visitor into this hallowed ground suggest the Confucian traditions of Qufu and Quzhou share the same root. And a special zone in the Confucius Temple in Quzhou, named “Si Lu” to suggest homesickness, only adds to the genetic connection between the two ancestral sites.

For Quzhou people, the Confucius Temple is an integrac part of social and cultural life. It is a favorite destination of the spring outings of school kids, and is a must-visit for visiting friends and tourists. The ceremonial celebration of Confucius began in the Han times and culminated in the Ming and Qing years. In 2004, the Confucius  memorial ceremony was restored in Quzhou, after a hiatus of half a century, putting the Confucius cultural glory of Quzhou back into the limelight of the world.

The Dacheng Hall, the highest structure of the ancestral temple, serves as the main venue of the activities. The gingko trees outside the hall have been the witness of the enduring Confucius spirituality of Quzhou and how people today are still profoundly influenced by the philosophy of Confucius.

The devoted work of Kong Xiangkai injected new blood into the inheritance of Confucian culture in Quzhou. “It is time to take modernity into consideration by skipping some anachronic formalities in the celebration of Confucius,” he proposed in a visit to Quzhou in 2000.

The first major one of its kind crafted by Quzhou since 1949, the ceremony held on September 28, 2004 took on a new look, with many programs boldly re-designed and performers replaced with ordinary citizens, with the quintessence of Confucius culture beautifully maintained and interpreted at the same time. The celebration was shortened and took less than 40 minutes to complete. The reform also focused on expanding participation and was woven into a theme design that aimed to incorporate hot social issues into the activities.

“The changes are amazing, and we respect you for your courage to discard the old and decayed formalities and celebrates the human nature of Confucius,” an American scholar wrote a letter to Kong Xiangkai.

The Quzhou celebration became a state-level cultural heritage in 2011. By 2018, 270 representatives of 130 Confucius Institute in 57 countries had visited Quzhou for a better understanding of Confucius.

Today in Quzhou, the soul of the sage can be felt everywhere. The spirituality of Confucius has become part of the mentality of the locals, and is celebrated in the minutest details, including the elegant design of the tickets of the Confucius Temple.

The ideals of Confucius have become intrinsically entwined with the citys identity. In his younger years in Quzhou, Kong Xiangkai was immersed in the Confucian belief that all people-and the society they live in-benefit from a lifetime of learning and a moral outlook.

Confucianism is now the core cultural competitiveness of Quzhou. The citys Confucian Culture Park was unveiled in 2015 as a state-level cultural innovation unit. Located in the most historical block in Quzhou, it has become a bustling community rich in entrepreneurial passion interacting with the citys proud Confucian core.

Confucian culture is not only a gem of the Chinese civilization; it is a cultural treasure open for sharing by the entire human world. The city logo, “Grandpa Confucius”, was featured on the big screen of Times Square in New York in 2018, showing to an international audience how a city embraces its history and culture in its own way.

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