西汉长安通姑臧南道交通线路复原研究

苏海洋

内容摘要：以悬泉汉简Ⅴ1611③：39A、B记载为基础，建立了西汉晚期长安通姑臧南道的时空框架。利用出土文献、传世文献、考古发现、实地调查、卫星影像调查和谷歌地球模拟测量等方法和手段，复原了长安通姑臧南道主干道走向，即由长安城北墙中门厨城门出发，过中渭桥至渭城驿，沿渭河北岸西行，经扶风厩、细柳观、槐里、斄县、郿县、郁夷至虢县，折西北行，经千河流域的蕲年宫、雍县、隃麋县、汧县至大震关，过陇山西行，经陇关、凉州刺史治、略阳、奉捷、成纪、平襄、兰干、勇士、榆中至石城津或郑伯津，北渡黄河，经枝阳、令居至允街，翻越今乌鞘岭，西北经苍松、鸾鸟、小张掖至武威，全程实际地面距离988.8千米，合二千三百七十八汉里，与Ⅴ1611③：39A、B记载的里程符合。

关键词：西汉晚期;长安通姑臧南道;线路;汉简;高精度复原

中图分类号：G256.1;K877.5  文献标识码：A  文章编号：1000-4106（2021）01-0086-09

Abstract：A detailed rendering of the spatio-temporal framework of the southern route of Changan-Guzang Road in the late Western Han dynasty has been established based on information recorded in the Han dynasty wooden slips V1611③： 39A-B from Xuanquan. Excavated documents， classical documents， archeological discoveries， field surveys， satellite image surveys， Google Earth simulation surveys and other methods have been used to create a restored version of the Southern Route of Changan-Guzang Road. The route this ancient road followed is as follows： the road begins at Chuchengmen Gate and passes through Zhongwei Brigde toward Weicheng Station， then goes westwards along the north bank of the Weihe River through Fufengjiu， Xiliuguan， Huaili， Tai， Mei， Yuyi and Guo counties before turning northwest to pass through the Qinian Place and Yong， Xumi and Qian counties until it reaches Dazhengguan Pass. The road then scales Longshan Mountain to either Shichengjin Ferry or Zhengbojin Ferry via the Longguan Pass， Liangzhou Governor offices， and Lueyang， Fengjie， Chengji， Pingxiang， Langan， Yongshi and Yuzhong， and then turns north to cross the Yellow River. The route then passes through Zhiyang， Lingju and Xianjia， crosses Wushaoling Mountain， and finally turns northwest to the city of Wuwei via Cangsong， Luanniao and Xiaozhangye. Changan-Guzang Road covers an actual ground distance of 988.8 kilometers， equal to 2，378 Chinese li， which is consistent with the distance recorded in Ⅴ1611③： 39A-B.

Keywords：late Western Han dynasty; Southern Route of Changan-Guzang Road; route; Han dynasty wooden slips; high-precision restoration

引 言

20世纪70年代末至90年代，中国大陆掀起了一股研究和考察丝绸之路的热潮。由于历史文献记载不足，学界对长安通河西走廊交通线路走向的认识多有分歧：如鲜肖威[1]和齐陈骏[2]认为汉唐长安通河西走廊丝绸之路有北、中、南三条线;吴礽骧认为只有南、北两条线，对所谓中线提出质疑[3];杨建新则认为有五条通道[4]。从20世纪90年代末开始，学界开始利用河西汉简新材料研究长安至姑臧段和河西走廊段驿置及线路走向。如何双全对居延甲渠候官遗址和悬泉遗址汉简《传置道里薄》中驿置地望及东西向交通线路进行了初步研究[5];郝树声考证了敦煌悬泉汉简中记载的驿置的具体位置[6，7];李并成将考古和文献方法结合，考察了酒泉郡十一置具体位置[8];张国藩指出了居延、悬泉汉简《传置道里薄》的交通史价值[9]。……