蓝藻有机富硒肥的研制及其在普通白菜种植中的应用

斯鑫鑫 唐尙柱 赵晓海 王顺永 李玉成

摘要： 為了研究蓝藻与农业废弃物无害化处理及资源化利用技术，开展蓝藻、菌渣、稻壳混合富硒堆肥试验，设置对照组（CK）、富硒枯草芽孢杆菌组（W）、亚硒酸钠组（Y）研究不同硒处理对蓝藻好氧堆肥的影响。结果表明，堆制48 d后，各处理的堆肥均已满足有机肥料国家标准（NY 525-2012《有机肥料》）的要求，pH值均维持在5.5～8.5，种子发芽指数均高于85.00%，W处理组的有机质含量分别较CK、Y处理组提高了8.72%、9.13%，总养分（N+P2O5+K2O）含量分别较CK、Y处理组提高了5.60%、4.70%，总硒含量分别较CK、Y处理组提高了1.92倍、0.21倍。盆栽试验结果表明，W、Y处理组的普通白菜株高、根长、单株鲜质量均显著高于对照组（P<0.05），与对照组相比，W、Y处理组的总硒含量分别提高了127.73%、112.53%，有机硒含量分别提高了135.45%、102.73%，此外，施加硒肥减少了普通白菜体内铅、镉的累积量。综合考虑2种硒处理对蓝藻堆肥的影响得出，富硒枯草芽孢杆菌处理的堆肥效果相对更好。

关键词： 蓝藻;富硒枯草芽孢杆菌;好氧堆肥;普通白菜

中图分类号： X52;S141.4  文献标识码： A  文章编号： 1000-4440（2021）02-0340-08

Abstract： To study the technology of harmless treatment and resource utilization of cyanobacteria and agricultural wastes， experiment of selenium enriched composting using mixture of cyanobacteria， mushroom residue and rice husk was carried out. Groups of control （CK）， selenium-enriched Bacillus subtilis （W） and sodium selenite （Y） were set up to study the effects of different selenium treatments on cyanobacteria aerobic composting. The results showed that， after 48 days of composting， the finished compost of each treatment met the requirements of the national standard for organic fertilizer （NY 525-2012 ）. The pH was maintained at 5.5-8.5， and the seed germination index was higher than 85.00%. The organic matter content of W treatment group increased by 8.72% and 9.13% compared with CK and Y treatments respectively， the total nutrients （N+P2O5+K2O） content increased by 5.60% and 4.70% compared with CK and Y treatment groups respectively， and the total selenium content increased by 1.92 times and 0.21 time compared with CK and Y treatment groups respectively. The pot experiment results showed that the plant height， root length and fresh weight of single bok choy plant in W and Y treatment groups were significantly higher than those of the control group （P<0.05）. Compared with the control group， the total selenium content of W and Y treatment groups increased by 127.73% and 112.53%， the organic selenium content also increased by 135.45% and 102.73% respectively， and the application of selenium fertilizer reduced the accumulation of lead and cadmium in the bok choy. Considering the effects of two selenium treatments on cyanobacteria composting， the composting effect of selenium-enriched B. subtilis treatment is relatively better.

Key words： cyanobacteria;selenium-enriched Bacillus subtilis;aerobic composting;bok choy

近年来，随着巢湖流域周边人口的增加以及工农业的迅速发展，导致水体富营养化加剧，巢湖蓝藻水华暴发[1]。目前，处理蓝藻最直接、最有效的措施是传统的机械和人工打捞[2]。打捞上来的蓝藻堆置在湖边或填埋场，经过雨水冲刷，容易使土壤、水体受到污染，并且蓝藻中释放的微囊藻毒素的性质极其稳定，是一种能引发肝功能失调甚至肝癌的毒素[3]。因此，将蓝藻废弃物进行资源化、无害化处理具有重大意义，其中厌氧发酵、好氧堆肥是治理蓝藻污染的主要技术。好氧堆肥相较于厌氧发酵具有周期短、成本低、操作简单等特点，在前期的工作中，笔者所在实验室进行了蓝藻好氧堆肥降解藻毒素的研究，结果表明，堆肥中微囊藻毒素LR（MC-LR）、微囊藻毒素RR（MC-RR）含量均低于1 μg/kg，降解率达95%[4]，说明通过好氧堆肥能够有效消除蓝藻中的藻毒素。……