丁海斌 刘卉芳



摘要:据考证,“公牍”一词最早出现于唐代的《戎幕闲谈》一书。它是由“公”和“牍”组成的双音节合成词。在唐代以前,单音词“牍”就已经具备了文档含义,并组成了“竿牍”“案牍”等“牍族”文档名词。在宋代,“公牍”的使用次数大幅增加。在元代还出现了“公牍文”这种新的文体。清代其使用次数激增,民国时期出现了两部以“公牍”为名的著作,分别是《公牍学史》与《公牍通论》。到现代,“公牍”仅在人们引用旧时文献时才会出现。“公牍”的含义较为稳定,从出现之时就泛指公文,后代也沿用了这一词义,且多为官员、文人使用。
关键词:公牍 文档名词 起源 词义
Abstract:The word " Gongdu " was first found in the book " Rong Mu chat " of the Tang Dynasty. It is a two- syllable compound word composed of the words "Gong" and "Du". Before the Tang Dynasty, the monosyllabic word "Du" already had the meaning of document, and formed the " The family of Du" such as "Gandu", "Andu", and so on. "Document noun. In the Song Dynasty, the use of the term "official docu? ments" increased dramatically. In the Yuan dynasty, a new style of writing, "official documents", also ap? peared. In the Qing Dynasty, the use of the term in? creased dramatically, and during the Republic of Chi? na period, there appeared two works in the name of"official documents", which are "History of Public Doc? uments " and "General Theory of Public Documents ". In the modern era, the term "public documents" only appears when people nowadays refer to the old docu? ments. The connotation of the word "official docu? ments" is more stable, from the emergence of the general refers to the official documents, the future generations also follow the meaning of this word, and mostly for officials, literati use.
Keywords: Gongdu; Document noun; Origin; Meaning
“公牍”作为一个强文档属性[1]名词,最早出现于唐代的《戎幕闲谈》一书,宋代使用的频次增多,并盛行于清代。在民国时期出现了兩部以“公牍”为研究对象的著作,分别是许同莘的《公牍学史》和徐望之的《公牍通论》。“公牍”一词使用频率现今虽有所减少,但对于研究我国古代、近代文档名词的发展演变仍有十分重要的研究意义,同时对档案学基础理论的建设也具有一定的学术价值。目前,学界关于该词的研究较少,有学者对“公牍”的起源及发展过程进行了梳理[2],但对“公牍”的组词条件及具体应用情况的分析仍有较大欠缺,对该词最早出现时间的考证也有所欠缺。笔者在此前的文章中对“公牍”有所涉及[3],但并未对该词进行单独的专门研究。因此,本文主要对“公牍”的起源、形成、词义、应用等进行更加深入的研究,并在该词最早出现时间的考证方面取得了新的突破,以期取得一个更完整、更深入的研究成果。……