重金属快速检测技术研究进展

王珏　王元凤　徐乃丰　朱照祥　李芊芊　伍晓斌

摘  要： 由于重金属在工农业生产中的应用越来越广泛，致使环境重金属污染日益严重.为应对减轻环境重金属污染和确保人体健康的需求，新型的重金属快速检测技术成为了研究热点.针对重金属传统检测技术的仪器昂贵、需专业操作人员、不易携带、程序繁琐和耗时较长等缺陷，多种具有快速、灵敏、准确、易携带、现场实时特点的重金属快速检测技术得到了快速发展.本综述首先简析了重金属污染现状以及重金属传统检测技术的种类和特点，详细总结了各种重金属快速检测技术的原理、研究进展、实际应用及其优缺点.结合对重金属离子的长期研究，利用重金属离子敏感菌株筛选螯合剂，对如何改进重金属快速检测方法中存在的灵敏性和专一性的不足等问题提出了新颖的改进方法.

关键词： 重金属; 快速检测; 敏感菌株; 螯合剂

中图分类号： X 502; TS 07  文献标志码： A  文章编号： 1000-5137（2021）02-0186-12

Research progress on rapid detection methods of heavy metals

WANG Jue^?， WANG Yuanfeng^?， XU Naifeng， ZHU Zhaoxiang， LI Qianqian， WU Xiaobin^*

（College of Life Sciences， Shanghai Normal University， Shanghai 200234， China）

Abstract： Heavy metals are applied more and more extensively in industry and agriculture，resulting in increasing environmental pollution of heavy metals.In response to the necessity to reduce environmental heavy metal pollution and ensure human health，new rapid detection techniques for heavy metals have become research hotspot.In view of the limitations of traditional heavy metal detection techniques such as the necessity of expensive equipment，professional operators needed，not portable，complicated procedure and long time-consuming，a variety of fast，sensitive，accurate，portable and on-site rapid heavy metal detection techniques have been developed rapidly.This paper briefly analyzed the current situations of heavy metal pollution and the types and characteristics of traditional heavy metal detection techniques， then the principle，research progress，applications，merits and demerits of various heavy metal rapid detection techniques were summarized as well.Based on our long-term research on heavy metal metabolism，we developed novel methods to improve the sensitivity and specificity of rapid detection techniques for heavy metals using heavy metal sensitive bacterial strains to screen chelators.

Key words： heavy metal; rapid detection; sensitive bacterial strain; chelator

0  引 言

重金屬是指密度大于5 g?cm^-3的一类金属元素，在生物体中不可降解.按其生物功能而言，一般分为必需重金属（铜、铁等）和非必需重金属（汞、铅等）.在生物体内，即使是必需重金属的含量也必需控制在极低的安全水平.随着社会经济的快速发展，重金属在工农业生产中的应用越来越广泛，而环境中的重金属污染也越来越严重^[1]，尤其是土壤和水体中的重金属污染，通过吸收富集作用会在食用农产品中过量积累^[2]，其……