干旱山区马铃薯“2+X”氮肥总量控制试验

王爱民

摘 要：针对天祝干旱山区马铃薯生产中施肥过量和氮磷钾施肥不科学不合理，导致肥料利用率较低、产量不高不稳的问题，进行了马铃薯“2+X”氮肥总量控制试验，以确定最佳氮肥使用量，进一步修正和完善优化施肥技术，最终形成新的测土施肥技术，为指导马铃薯生产提供科学依据。结果表明，优化施肥技术处理的（N 150 kg·hm-2、P2O5 150 kg·hm-2、K2O 75 kg·hm-2）马铃薯主要农艺性状及产量均明显优于常规施肥技术。在试验研究范围内，施氮处理马铃薯成熟期推迟1～2 d、生育期延长1～3 d;施氮对马铃薯株高、单株块茎数、单株结薯质量等主要农艺性状和产量具有显著影响，均呈先升后降的趋势，过多的施氮量对马铃薯主要农艺性状和产量呈负效应。综上所述，马铃薯施氮效果以优化施氮量即每hm2施N 124.2 kg、P2O5 149.9 kg、K2O 74.8 kg为佳，施氮量不足或过多，都会对马铃薯植株生长和产量产生负效应。

关键词：马铃薯;干旱山区;氮肥;总量控制;肥效

中图分类号：S532 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1673-2871（2021）05-068-04

Study on the total amount control of “2+X” nitrogen fertilizer for potato in arid mountainous areas

WANG Aimin

（Tianzhu Agricultural Technology Extension Center， Tianzhu 733200， Gansu， China）

Abstract： Aiming at the problem of excessive fertilization and unscientific and unreasonable N， P， K fertilization in potato production in Tianzhu arid mountain area， which resulted in low fertilizer utilization rate and low yield and instability， the “2 + X” total nitrogen control experimental study was carried out in 2018， the optimum nitrogen fertilizer amount was determined， the fertilization technology was further revised and improved， finally a new soil testing fertilization technology was formed， which provided the scientific basis for guiding the potato production. The results showed that the main agronomic characters and yield of potato were better than those of conventional fertilization. Nitrogen treatment potato maturity was delayed 1-2 days， the growth period was extended 1-3 days. The plant height， tuber number per plant， tuber quality per plant and yield of potato were significantly affected by nitrogen application， and the change law showed a tendency of rising first and then falling， indicating that excessive nitrogen application had a negative effect on the main agronomic traits and yield. The optimum nitrogen fertilizer amount is N 124.2 kg， P2O5 149.9 kg and K2O 74.8 kg per ha， insufficient or excessive nitrogen application will have negative effect on potato plant growth and yield increase.

Key words： Potato; Arid mountainous area; Nitrogen fertilizer; Total control; Fertilizer efficiency

天祝藏族自治縣位于甘肃中部，祁连山东端，是新中国成立后建立的第一个少数民族自治县。全县耕地面积5.59万hm2，其中水浇地0.55万hm2，占耕地面积的9.84%，旱地面积5.04万hm2，占耕地面积的90.16%，属于典型的旱作农业县。天祝县主要种植的作物有小麦、油菜、青稞、马铃薯、豌豆、蔬菜和牧草等，其中马铃薯还是甘肃省马铃薯脱毒种薯、良种扩繁和优质鲜食薯生产的最佳区域之一，具有较大的规模比较优势、效率比较优势和综合比较优势[1-2]。近几年年播种面积和年产量均稳定在0.67万hm2和35.0万t左右，约占粮食作物播种面积和年产量的72.7%和61.5%左右。……