运动员竞技状态复杂性及其沙堆模型

仇乃民 李少丹

摘 要：運动员竞技状态理论是运动员训练、参赛准备以及判别运动成绩的最重要理论依据，目前传统运动员竞技状态理论正遭遇到前所未有的挑战与困境。为了探索运动员竞技状态理论问题研究的新进路，运用复杂系统理论研究方法，特别是基于复杂系统的临界动力学沙堆模型及其普适类性质，重新阐释与分析运动员竞技状态形成过程的重要问题。研究认为，运动员竞技状态是竞技能力复杂系统的体能状态、心理状态、技能状态、战术状态等相互耦合生成的统一整体;运动员竞技状态的存在表现出多元性、动态性、整体性、非线性等复杂性属性;运动员竞技状态的演化是竞技能力复杂系统的一种自组织临界态动力学过程，在时间和空间上分别联系着竞技能力状态的自组织临界性和空间复杂性。同时，运动员竞技状态的复杂性可用沙堆模型进行描述，以此阐释处于自组织临界性运动员竞技状态的脆弱性、一体性、不可预测性与长程相关性等复杂性特征。在运动训练实践中，应树立运动员竞技能力系统状态演化的风险意识，尽可能采用适当训练负荷、训练强度与训练方法，不经常性挑战运动员自我能力的极限，避免竞技状态的临界态或超临界状态过早出现。

关键词：竞技状态;简单状态;复杂状态;自组织临界态

中图分类号：G808.1   文献标识码：A  文章编号：1006-2076（2021）02-0048-08

Abstract：The theory of athletes' competitive state is the most important theoretical basis for athletes' training， competition preparation and judging sports performance， which is faced with unprecedented challenges and difficulties. In order to explore a new approach to the theoretical research of athletes' competitive state， this paper uses the method of complex system theory to reinterpret and analyze the important problems in the formation process of athletes' competitive state based on the critical dynamic characteristics and universal properties of complex system sand pile model. The results show that the competitive state is an interactive and interrelated whole of physical state， psychological state， skill state and tactical state of athletes' competitive ability system. The existence of competitive state  is complex， showing the attributes of diversity， dynamic， integrity and non-linearity. The evolution mechanism of athletes' competitive state is a kind of dynamic process of self-organized critical state in the complex system of competitive ability， which is related to the self-organized criticality and spatial complexity of competitive state respectively in time and space. The complex evolution process of competitive state can be described by the dynamics of sand pile model， which is in self-organized criticality. Competitive state has the characteristics of vulnerability， integrity， unpredictability and long-range correlation. In the process of sports training practice， we should establish the risk awareness of the evolution of competitive state of athletes. In the training of competitive ability， we should adopt appropriate training load， training intensity and training methods as much as possible; we should not constantly challenge the limit of athletes' self-ability but avoid the premature emergence of critical state or super critical state of competitive ability system. It is suggested that coaches or athletes be prepared to deal with the critical state of competitive ability system within a certain range.

Key words：competitive ability; simple state;complexity; self-organized critical state

运动员竞技状态是竞技运动科学研究领域……