明清时期黄河下游河工建设及对洪水事件的响应

许佩瑶 陈诗越 陈影影

摘 要：黄河下游的洪水灾害历来是中华民族的心腹之患，黄河决溢、河道迁移等事件对下游人民的生命财产安全构成了极大的威胁。根据历史文献记载及对前人研究成果的梳理，探讨了明清时期河工建设与黄河洪水事件之间的关系。研究表明：明清时期河工建设明显响应于黄河洪水事件，河工与水患呈现正相关性，明代后期黄河水患的发生频率高于前期，河工建设也呈现相应趋势;明代前中期，河南地区水患频繁，河工建设也较多;明代后期和清代时期，江南地区水灾频发，河工建设也较为频繁。黄河洪泛促进了河工的修筑，河工也能有效治理黄河水患，但大多数河工都是在河道发生决口或堵塞后建设的，多属灾后应对型。

关键词：明清时期;河工建设;洪水;黄河下游

中图分类号：TV85;TV882.1 文献标志码：A

doi：10.3969/j.issn.1000-1379.2021.07.011

引用格式：许佩瑶，陈诗越，陈影影.明清时期黄河下游河工建设及对洪水事件的响应[J].人民黄河，2021，43（7）：56-61.

Abstract： The floods occurred in the lower reaches of the Yellow River has been the serious hidden danger for the Chinese nation. The flooding of the Yellow River and the shifting of river channel had posed a great threat to the life and property security of the people in the lower reaches. According to the record of historical literatures and combing of previous research results， this paper discussed the relationship between the river training works and the Yellow River floods in the Ming and Qing dynasties. The research shows that the river training works are obviously in response to the flood events in the Ming and Qing dynasties and there is a positive correlation between the river works and floods. The flood frequency of the Yellow River in the late Ming Dynasty is higher than that in the early period and the river training works also show a corresponding trend. In the early and middle Ming Dynasty， there are more frequent floods and more river engineering works in Henan area. In the late Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty， the flood occurred frequently in the area south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River， the construction of river training works are also more frequent. The Yellow River floods have promoted the construction of river engineering works， which can effectively control the flood of the Yellow River. However， the most of the river works are built after burst or blocked， mainly belonging to post-disaster response types.

Key words： Ming and Qing dynasties; river training works; flood; lower reaches of Yellow River

歷史时期黄河下游洪水频发，是中华民族的心腹之患[1]。据统计，公元前602年以来，黄河下游决口泛滥共有1 593次，河道迁移59次，其中大的改道至少6次[2-4]。明清时期黄河改道、泛滥决口事件繁多，如何解决黄河下游洪泛问题成为政府关注的重心。河工建设是治理黄河的基础性工作[5]，系统地分析河工建设的时空特征，正确地认识河工建设与黄河洪泛的关系，可以更好地了解明清时期治理黄河洪泛的措施和经验，为当前黄河治理工作提供借鉴。……