采煤塌陷复垦区自然恢复初期植物群落变化特征

侯颖 丁锦平

摘 要：植被恢復是采煤塌陷复垦区生态系统恢复的关键。为了解和掌握植被自然恢复的基本规律，以河南省永城煤矿塌陷复垦区自然恢复群落为例，采用样方法，通过实地调查，对复垦不同年限下自然恢复的植物群落的组成、结构及各物种的重要值进行研究，分析植被恢复初期物种的组成变化及基本趋势。结果表明：（1）永城采煤塌陷复垦区恢复初期物种数量共有植物13科27种，演替仍处于初级阶段;（2）菊科与禾本科植物是演替初期的先锋物种，占植物总种数的50%左右，群落结构为小飞蓬+狗尾草+刺儿菜（或狗牙根、野大豆）;（3）随着复垦年限延长，1年生草本植物所占优势逐渐下降，多年生草本植物的优势逐渐提高。复垦1年、3年和5年时，1年生草本植物的重要值分别占群落总重要值的81.46%、44.07%和37.91%，而多年生草本或木本植物的重要值分别占群落总重要值的18.54%、55.93%和62.09%，表明在演替初期随着复垦年限延长物种组成发生了变化，优势物种由1年生草本植物为主向以多年生草本植物为主转变。研究结果为加速复垦地植物恢复、构建合适的人工植物群落提供了理论参考。

关键词：采煤塌陷区;复垦;自然恢复;群落特征;重要值

中图分类号 Q148;X171.5文献标识码 A文章编号 1007-7731（2021）07-0025-05

Characteristics of Plant Community Change in the Early Stage of Natural Recovery in Reclamation Area after Coal Mining Collapse

HOU Ying et al.

（Department of Surveying and Planning， Shangqiu Normal University， Shangqiu 476000， China）

Abstract： Vegetation recovery is the key factor for ecological restoration in a coal mine collapse reclamation site. In this study， the natural restoration community in the collapse reclamation area of Yongcheng coal mine in Henan province was studied to understand and master the basic laws of vegetation recovery in this degraded ecosystem. Using field sample survey method， the composition， structure and important values of plant communities derived from natural recovery under different years of reclamation were investigated to analyze the composition changes and basic trends of plant species in the early stage of vegetation restoration. The results showed that：（1） the number of plant species in the early stage of recovery in a reclamation site of Yongcheng coal mining collapse were 27 plant species which belonged to 13 families， indicating that the plant communities in this site were still at the primary succession stage. （2） Compositae and Gramineae were the pioneer species in the early stages of succession， accounting for about 50% of the total number of plants; the typical plant community was Conyza canadensis （L.） Cronq.+ Setariaviridis（L.）Beauv. + Cirsium setosum （Wild.） MB. （or Cynodondactylon （L.） Pers. Glycine sojaSieb. et Zucc.）. （3）With the prolongation of reclamation period， annual herbs gradually decreased while perennial herbs gradually increased; After 1 year， 3 years and 5 years of reclamation， respectively， the important value of annual herbs accounted for 81.46%， 44.07% and 37.91%， while the important value of perennial herbs or woody plants accounted for 18.54%， 55.93% and 62.09% of the total important value of the plant communities. These results indicated that， the plant species composition changed with the extension of reclamation years in the early stage of succession， with the dominant species turning from annual herbs to perennial herbs. This study provides a theoretical reference for accelerating the vegetation recovery and constructing suitable artificial plant communities in coal mine collapse reclamation sites.

Key words： Core-mining subsidence area;Reclamation;Natural restoration;Community characteristic;Important value

煤炭是我国主要能源之一，为我国经济建设发挥了重要作用，但大规模的煤矿开采对地表植被和土壤产生了巨大扰动，造成采煤迹地水土流失、环境污染、生态系统功能退化[1]，严重影响了周边居民的生产生活和区域经济的可持续发展。……