川渝石窟唐宋摩崖题刻中的古代工匠资料辑考

董华锋 李菲

内容摘要：川渝石窟唐宋时期的造像记、修妆记、工匠题记及其他碑记等摩崖题刻中保存有一批与石窟营造工匠有关的资料。系统辑录、考证相关材料可知，川渝唐宋石窟营建工匠有完备的分工，涉及石匠、画匠、镌字匠、木匠等四个工种，其中石匠最为重要，其开龛镌像的程序可依据未完工的小型龛像大体推知，各工种都有相应的头目，又以技艺高低区分为都料、博士、匠三个级别，此外还有总领营造之事的负责人，较大规模的营造工事可能还存在特聘的专门工匠。工匠团队的组织结构大致有分工合作式和家族式两种。工匠团队成员的形象偶尔也出现在石窟造像中。对川渝石窟古代工匠的研究将进一步加深我们对该区域现存龛像的理解。

关键词：川渝石窟;摩崖题刻;古代工匠;石窟营建

中图分类号：K879.26;K871.45  文献标识码：A  文章编号：1000-4106（2021）03-0086-09

Abstract：In the Tang and Song dynasties grottoes in Sichuan and Chongqing there are four kinds of cliff inscriptions that mention craftsmen. Based on a systematic compilation and textual research of these inscriptions， this paper concludes that the craftsmen of the Tang and Song dynasty grottoes in Sichuan and Chongqing worked according to a clear-cut division of labor. This division involved the four roles of stonemasons， painters， engravers and carpenters， among which the stonemasons were the most important. The importance of stonemasons can be judged from the detail and expertise necessary for carving niches with statues， the process of which can be roughly inferred from unfinished extant niches. In addition to a general director that was in charge of the general construction， each type of work had its own leaders that could be divided into the three ranks of duliao， boshi and jiang based on level of skill. Special craftsmen skilled in particular areas may also have been employed for large-scale construction work. There were two types of craftsman teams， one that depended on the division and cooperation of labor for its organization， the other consisting of workmen from the same family. Images of craftsman from different teams can be seen carved in several places throughout the caves. The study of ancient labor structures and craftsmen in the grottoes of Sichuan and Chongqing will further deepen our understanding of the construction and content of niche carvings in this region.

Keywords：Sichuan and Chongqing grottoes; cliff inscriptions; ancient craftsmen; cave construction

石窟營造是一项复杂的社会活动，不仅涉及供养人、造像样式、佛教信仰等诸多面向，还牵涉营造工程的问题。这一环节常由不同工匠组成的团队来完成。然而，在石窟寺等佛教遗存中能见到的工匠资料十分有限，他们仅在少数情况下“间得附名简末”[1]。既往研究中，姜伯勤、马德等先生曾对敦煌等地的古代工匠做过深入探讨[2-4]，为这类问题的进一步研究提供了极好的参考。

唐宋时期，川渝地区佛教鼎盛，留存下来大量佛教遗存。石窟寺是其中最重要的一个类别。根据第三次全国文物普查的数据，这一区域现存唐宋石窟900余处，其中有摩崖题刻约1500则。……