敦煌“(亻亲)状”文书再探

王祥伟

内容摘要：（亻亲）状作为（亻亲）司等僧务管理机构分发大众（亻親）利的依据，是以寺院为单位，由寺院自己以状文形式具报的本寺应分（亻亲）僧尼的名单。虽然P.2250V与（亻亲）状关系密切，但其应不是（亻亲）状文书，而P.3600中的诸寺状文应是（亻亲）状文书。在寺院负责人具呈（亻亲）状后，再由分（亻亲）机构的相关负责人以寺院具报的状文名单为基础，以唱卖历等为依据，对诸寺僧尼应得（亻亲）利进行勾检分配。

关键词：敦煌;文书;（亻亲）状;寺院

中图分类号：K870.6;G256.1  文献标识码：A  文章编号：1000-4106（2021）04-0103-09

Abstract：Chenzhuang， a type of official document regarding alms giving， was the foundation on which the Chensi， the organization in charge of almsgiving， and others Buddhist institutions distributed the alms they received among the monks of all the temples in a given area. The contents of chenzhuang include a list of all the monks or nuns at different temples who should receive alms. Even though manuscript P.2250V appears to be closely related to chenzhuang， this document is not actually a record about alms; the text describing various temples in manuscript P.3600， however， likely belongs to this category of document. On receiving the chenzhuang reports from all the local temples， the heads of the Chensi and others Buddhist institutions would review the lists and distribute alms among the monks and nuns based on accounting records of the auctions held at the temples when selling the property of deceased monks or nuns.

Keywords：Dunhuang; manuscript; chenzhuang; temple

佛教历史上很早就存在对布施物（（亻亲）利）进行唱卖和分配的活动，敦煌文书中也保存下来了与之相关的较为丰富的资料，（亻亲）状文书即是其中一种。这些资料对我们深入了解佛教的唱卖分（亻亲）活动具有重要的意义。P.3730《寅年九月式叉尼真济等牒并洪（亻亲）判辞》和P.3730《寅年八月沙弥尼法相牒并洪（亻亲）判辞》中均记载到“（亻亲）状”[1]，但是敦煌文书中没有明确说哪一件文书是（亻亲）状文书。目前对（亻亲）状文书进行过专门研究的是郝春文先生，认为（亻亲）状是（亻亲）司发放大众（亻亲）利的依据，同时认为P.2250V就是一件（亻亲）状文书，并对其内容进行了详细讨论说明[2]。郝春文先生对（亻亲）状文书的研究做出了重要贡献。本文在郝先生的研究成果基础上，再对敦煌（亻亲）状文书试做探讨。

一 P.2250V的内容及其“（亻亲）状”性质之疑

P.2250V是一件被学界广为关注的文书，现存龙兴寺、乾元寺、开元寺、永安寺、金光明寺五所寺院的僧人名单及相关内容，对其性质的认识经历了较长的过程。……