社会治理视域下日本民俗文化财的民间保护传承

摘  要：日本是最早开始对民俗文化财展开制度化保护与传承的亚洲国家。近现代以来，日本民俗文化财的保护与传承经历了传统文化与现代文化的博弈、由中央向地方政府分权、从“政府主管”到“地域自治”3个阶段。在这一过程中，其与社会治理产生了价值耦合。民间组织具有非均质性特征，“自下而上”自发参与民俗文化财的保护与传承;赋权增能于社区，建立民俗文化财共享机制;神道信仰助力日本基层社会治理。我国民俗类非物质文化遗产保护与传承实践可充分借鉴日本民俗文化财保护与传承的经验：第一，培育保护主体意识，建立长效保护机制;第二，促进上下良性互动，构建责任分担机制;第三，形成社会治理共同体，完善共建共享共治社会治理制度。

关键词：日本;民俗文化财;社会治理;民间;保护传承

中图分类号：G122文献标识码：A

DOI：10.19881/j.cnki.1006-3676.2021.09.02

The Preservation and Transmission of Japanese Folk Cultural Properties in the Context of Social Governance

Shen Sihan

（College of Foreign Languages， Wuhan Engineering University，Hubei，Wuhan，430205）

Abstract：Japan was the first Asian country to start institutionalizing the protection and transmission of folk cultural properties. In modern times，the protection and transmission of folk cultural properties in Japan has gone through three stages：the game between traditional culture and modern culture，the devolution of power from the central government to local governments，and the transition from “government authority” to “regional autonomy.” In this process，it has been coupled with social governance. Civil society organizations are non-homogeneous and participate in the preservation and transmission of folk cultural properties spontaneously from the bottom up;they empower communities and establish a mechanism for sharing folk cultural properties;and Shinto beliefs contribute to social governance at the grassroots level in Japan. The protection and inheritance of China's folk intangible cultural heritage can fully learn from the experience of Japan's folk cultural heritage protection and inheritance：first，to cultivate the awareness of protection subjects and establish a long-term protection mechanism;second，to promote positive interaction between the top and bottom and build a responsibility-sharing mechanism;third，to form a social governance community and improve the social governance system of common construction，sharing and governance.

Key words：Japan;Folk cultural properties;Social governance;Folk;Preservation of heritage

在日本，与衣食住行、生产方式、民间信仰、传统节日等密切相关的风俗习惯和民俗技艺，以及在风俗习惯和民俗技艺中会运用到的衣服、器具、房屋等物件，对于理解日本国民生活变迁史有着无法取代的重要价值，两者并称为民俗文化财。[1]日本民间文化财保护与传承早已形成举国体制，其中最为突出的特点是个人、组织、社会、政府多元主体各司其职、通力协作，形成“自上而下”与“自下而上”相结合的保护模式。社会治理是在承认个性多元的前提下，通过互动和调和，继而沟通、对话、協商、谈判、妥协、让步，从而实现整合社会各阶层（群体）广泛认同的社会整体利益，最终形成各方都必须遵守的社会契约。……