中医隐喻研究的目的和意义

窦嘉乐 赖敏 郭瑨 贾春华

摘要 隐喻不但存在于语言，且存在于人们的思想和行为。隐喻的本质是用一类事物或经验理解和体验另一类事物或经验，隐喻于中医学无处不在。中医理论是一种以人的身体感知经验为基础形成的理论，具有显著的体验性。因而从概念隐喻角度解读中医语言至关重要。从隐喻认知的角度解读中医理论，可以明辨中医理论从何而来，源于自然、社会层面的何种经验或体验。应用概念隐喻理论分析中医语言，可以激活死隐喻，通过隐喻认知可以发现新隐喻以丰富中医理论。中医学隐喻的研究将拓展中医研究的路径，可以架起中西医沟通的桥梁，促进中医药的海外传播。

关键词 中医理论;取象比类;概念隐喻;自然;社会;哲学;死隐喻;中西医结合

Abstract Metaphors exist not only in language，but also in people′s thoughts and actions.The essence of metaphor is to use one kind of thing or one piece of experience to understand and feel another kind of thing or experience.Metaphor is ubiquitous in traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）.TCM theory is based on the human body′s perceptual experience，which has remarkable experiential characteristics.Therefore，it is imperative to interpret TCM language from the perspective of conceptual metaphor.Interpreting TCM theory from the perspective of metaphoric cognition could clearly discern where the TCM theory comes from，and what experiences from the nature and society have had impact on the construction of TCM theory.Applying conceptual metaphor theory to analyze TCM language could activate dead metaphors，and through metaphor cognition new metaphors can be discovered to enrich TCM theory.The study of TCM metaphors will expand the path of Chinese medicine research，which could build a bridge between Chinese and Western medicine and promote the overseas spread of Chinese medicine.

Keywords Chinese medicine theory; Image analogy; Conceptual metaphor; Nature; Society; Philosophy; Death metaphor; Integration of traditional Chinese and Western medicine

中图分类号：R22;H15文献标识码：Adoi：10.3969/j.issn.1673-7202.2021.19.017

20世纪80年代，美国语言学家莱考夫和约翰逊在《我们赖以生存的隐喻》一书中提出了概念隐喻理论，认为“隐喻是无处不在的，它不仅存在于人类的语言中，也存在于思想和行为中，人类的概念系统就是建立在隐喻基础之上的。”隐喻不仅是一种语言现象，也是人类认知活动的结果和工具[1]。将熟悉的自身感觉经验作为始源域，寻求理解说明的陌生事物作为目标域，隐喻就是从始源域向目标域的映射过程，通过前者认知后者。

从人类发展历史来看，古人的认知能力受到自然环境、社会制度、科技水平等诸多因素的影响和限制，一个凭借肉身感知的时代，欲了解机体内部的变化，只能是“由表知里”“由果析因”，以自身感觉为基础形成经验，以此表达抽象的事物，这个过程称为“取象比类”。……