外泌体在组织修复及抗瘢痕治疗中的研究进展

2021-12-17 01:24:47史敏毕芳芳张明雨陈炜荧丁欣强
中国美容医学 2021年11期

史敏 毕芳芳 张明雨 陈炜荧 丁欣强

[关键词]外泌体;瘢痕;创面修复;成纤维细胞;细胞外基质

[中图分类号]R619+.6    [文献标志码]A    [文章编号]1008-6455(2021)11-0179-04

Advance in Research on Exosomes in Tissue Repair and Anti-scarring Treating

SHI Min1,BI Fang-fang1,ZHANG Ming-yu1,CHEN Wei-ying1,DING Xin-qiang2

(1.Xian Peihua University,Xian 710125,Shaanxi,China; 2.Department of Dermatology, Xi'an Children's Hospital,Xian 710003,Shaanxi,China)

Abstract: It is always the focus of treatment in dermatology and plastic surgery, such as promoting skin wound healing and reducing scar formation. In recent years, it was found that exosomes (EXOs), as a communication tool between cells, participate in paracrine functions, and have been found to play an important role in a variety of pathophysiological processes and disease processes, and have gradually become the field of tumor immunity and research hotspots in the field of regenerative medicine. Exosomes can promote wound healing,inhibit scar formation by inhibiting early inflammation,promoting angiogenesis and cell proliferation, and regulating collagen remodeling, thereby providing a new method of promoting healing for skin wound. Exosomes have broad application prospects in wound healing and anti-scarring effects, and they are expected to open up innovative ways for wound healing and anti-scar treatment.

Key words: exosome; hypertrophic scar; wound repair; fibroblast; extra cellular matrix

伴隨着医学技术的发展,自体干细胞移植因免疫反应小且不涉及伦理问题,已广泛用于临床多种疾病的治疗。然而,干细胞在创伤愈合和组织修复中的作用与其分化能力无关,主要的机制是旁分泌作用,而旁分泌则是通过外泌体(Exosomes,EXOs)实现的[1]。外泌体是细胞分泌的一种双分子层微囊泡,包含了蛋白质、脂质、多糖及RNA等物质,可通过细胞间信号传递参与旁分泌作用,在多个领域发挥其生物活性,尤其在肿瘤免疫及再生医学领域的研究中备受关注[2]。本文就外泌体的形成、作用机制、在组织再生修复及抗瘢痕方面的作用及未来研究方向进行回顾。

1  概述

1.1 外泌体的发现及其形态学特征:外泌体为脂质双分子层微囊泡,在电镜下负染呈“盘样”“杯状”或“茶托状”,纳米颗粒跟踪分析仪显示其粒径为30~150nm,密度为1.09~1.18g/ml,于1997年被命名为exosome。早在1983年,外泌体首次被发现于绵羊网织红细胞,发现之初人们认为它只是细胞代谢中的一种废弃物,并未引起重视。直到20世纪90年代,人们才发现外泌体膜可携带Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)抗原提呈分子,并参与淋巴细胞免疫。21世纪初研究发现,外泌体中的RNA可介导细胞间的遗传物质交换并翻译产生蛋白质,人们才逐渐意识到外泌体功能的重要性。近来发现,外泌体是一种特异性的亚细胞结构,几……

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