碳中和视域下黄河流域碳生态补偿研究

马明娟 李强 周文瑞

摘 要：碳生態补偿是协调区域生态环境保护、促进经济发展与实现碳中和的有效手段。为构建黄河流域多样化生态补偿机制、促进流域低碳转型、实现碳中和目标，以黄河流域9个省（区）为研究区域，将碳中和目标与生态补偿机制相结合，构建碳生态补偿理论模型，基于碳排放量与碳汇的测算，厘清碳补偿的主客体，并辅以算例探究了2007—2017年黄河流域碳生态补偿的时空演化特征。结果表明：受经济社会发展水平、资源禀赋、碳资源使用效率、支付意愿与能力等的影响，9个省（区）碳补偿额度区域异质性较大;除宁夏之外，黄河上中游的青海、四川、甘肃、内蒙古等省份的减排固碳贡献度较大，为碳受偿地区，中下游的陕西、山西、河南、山东等省份为碳支付地区，并且山西和山东的碳赤字显著高于其他省份，生态环境的改善具有一定的滞后性，亟须转变经济发展模式来提升区域碳排放与资源禀赋特征的匹配度。根据研究结果，凝练出黄河流域低碳转型与多元化生态补偿机制构建的政策建议。

关键词：碳中和;碳生态补偿模型;碳汇;生态补偿机制;高质量发展;黄河流域

中图分类号：TM715;TV882.1   文献标志码：A

doi：10.3969/j.issn.1000-1379.2021.12.002

引用格式：马明娟，李强，周文瑞.碳中和视域下黄河流域碳生态补偿研究[J].人民黄河，2021，43（12）：5-11.

Abstract： Carbon ecological compensation is an effective means to coordinate regional ecological protection， promote economic development and achieve carbon neutrality. In order to build a diversified ecological compensation mechanism， promote the low-carbon transformation of the basin and achieve the goal of carbon neutrality in the Yellow River Basin， this paper took 9 provinces （regions） along the Yellow River as the research area， combined carbon neutrality targets with ecological compensation mechanisms and constructed a theoretical framework model of carbon ecological compensation. Based on carbon emissions and carbon sinks， the subject and object of carbon compensation were determined and supplementary example was used to explore the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of carbon ecological compensation in the Yellow River Basin from 2007 to 2017. The results show that the regional heterogeneity of carbon compensation credits in the 9 provinces （regions） along the Yellow River， affected by the level of economic and social development， resources endowments， carbon resources use efficiency， willingness to pay and ability is relatively larger in terms of the temporal and spatial pattern. Except for Ningxia， Qinghai， Sichuan， Gansu and Inner Mongolia in the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River contribute more to carbon emission reduction and sequestration and they are carbon compensated areas. The middle and lower reaches of Shaanxi， Shanxi， Henan and Shandong are carbon payment areas. The carbon deficit of Shanxi and Shandong is significantly higher than that of other provinces and the improvement of the ecological environment has a certain degree of lag. It is urgent to transform the economic development model to improve the matching degree of regional carbon emissions and resources endowment characteristics. Based on the results， policy recommendations for the construction of low-carbon transition and diversified ecological compensation mechanism in the Yellow River Basin are condensed.

Key words： carbon neutrality; carbon ecological compensation model; carbon sink; ecological compensation mechanism;  high-quality development; Yellow River Basin

黄河流域多元化生态补偿机制构建与保障措施的制定迫在眉睫。2020年4月，财政部、生态环境部、水利部和国家林草局制定的《支持引导黄河全流域建立横向生态补偿机制试点实施方案》指出，“建立流域多元化横向生态补偿机制，开展综合生态价值核算计量等多元化生态补偿，建立排污权、水权、碳排放交易权、碳汇项目开发及交易等市场化补偿试点”[1]。……