深耕配施有机肥对云南保山植烟土壤肥力的快速提升效应

何京 王津军 尹兴盛 吴宗海 沈广材 赵旭辉 刘洪华 李丽 曹娜 丛萍

摘  要：为研究土壤耕作深度与有机肥对植烟土壤肥力的快速提升效果，设置3种耕作深度（S1：深耕10 cm;S2：深耕20 cm;S3：深耕30 cm）与2种有机肥（OF：商品有机肥;FM：农家肥）的交互试验，研究一个生长季内不同处理对土壤物理结构、养分变化及酶活性的影响。结果表明：（1）耕作深度与有机肥种类对土壤物理特性无显著影响。二者互作可显著提高0～20和20～40 cm土层土壤有机质含量。S3FM可显著提高0～20 cm土层土壤有机质、全氮和硝态氮含量及20～40 cm土层土壤有机质的含量。（2）耕作深度×有机肥种类可显著影响0～20和20～40 cm土层脲酶活性。S1FM较S1OF显著提高0～20和20～40 cm土层蔗糖酶活性41.75%和14.29%;当均施用农家肥时，脲酶的活性在耕深30 cm达到最高，较其他处理增幅最高达57.89%。（3）土壤肥力质量综合评价表明，S3FM处理0～20和20～40 cm土层土壤肥力质量得分均最高，分别为0.58与0.74。可见，农家肥深耕30 cm可实现在一个生长季内提升保山植烟土壤肥力质量的目的。

关键词：耕作深度;有机肥;植烟土壤;土壤肥力

Abstract： The effect of tillage depth combined with the application of organic fertilizer on the rapid improvement of tobacco soil fertility was studied in 2020. Three tillage depths （S1： tillage depth at 10 cm; S2： tillage depth at 20 cm; S3： tillage depth at 30 cm） and two types of organic fertilizers （OF： commercial organic fertilizer， FM： farmyard manure） were set in a field experiment. Effects of different treatments on soil physical structure， nutrient content and soil enzyme activities were explored in a single growth season. The results showed： （1） Tillage depth combined with the application of organic fertilizer had no significant effect on soil physical structure. The interaction effects of tillage depth × organic fertilizer type can benefit soil organic matter content in the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers. S3FM can significantly increase the content of soil organic matter， total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the 0-20 cm soil layer， and the content of soil organic matter in the 20-40 cm soil layer. （2） The interaction effects of tillage depth × organic fertilizer had significant effects on urease activity in the 0～20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers. Compared with S1OF， S1FM treatment significantly increased the sucrase activity in 0-20 and 20-40 cm soil layers by 41.75% and 14.29%. When the type of farmyard manure was fixed， compared with other treatments， the activity of urease reached the highest significance level at the depth of 30 cm， and the increase was as high as 57.89%. （3） The comprehensive evaluation of soil fertility quality showed that S3FM had the highest soil quality scores in 0-20 cm （0.58） and 20-40 cm （0.74） soil layers， respectively. Therefore， tillage depth at 30 cm combined with organic fertilizer could achieve the purpose of improving tobacco planting soil fertility of Baoshan in a single growing season.

Keywords： tillage depth; organic fertilizer; tobacco planting soil; soil fertility

煙草作为我国重要的经济作物之一，其品质和产量在一定程度上取决于土壤肥力[1]。我国烤烟多种植于山地和丘陵区，常年手扶旋耕机浅旋耕方式导致土壤犁底层增厚、耕作层变薄，引起耕层结构失衡、肥力降低等问题[2]。可见，改善山地植烟区土壤耕层构造，提升土壤肥力质量已刻不容缓。

耕作措施对土壤肥力有重要影响。大量研究表明深耕可打破犁底层，降低土壤容重，增加土壤孔隙度[3]，还可提高耕层土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、有效磷以及速效钾含量[4]，有利于土壤养分的转化和利用[5]。……