阅读理解之词义猜测解析

2022-05-30 10:48周艳华
初中生学习指导·中考版 2022年8期
关键词:关联词连词生词

周艳华

词义猜测是中考英语中常见的题型,也是英读理解及学习词汇的基本技能之一。这类题型重在考查学生利用语篇内容、上下文语言环境或关键词等对词汇、词组的意思进行猜测或辨别的能力,也是对同学们语篇分析、逻辑推理等综合能力进行考查。

一、常见类型

常见的类型有两种,一是熟词新义,即学生在某一特定的语境中,推断某一多义词的正确意义;二是生词释义,即学生根据范围较小的上下文推断词义。

二、解题方法与技巧

1. 根据上下文语境猜测词义

一个单词或者词组的确切含义是和它所处的上下文语境分不开的。利用上下文提供的语境和线索,进行合乎逻辑的综合分析,从而推断词义。这是阅读理解中猜词最常见的方法之一。

例题一

(2021·辽宁·营口)The researchers did a small study. They tested 18 young people who had good sleep after a sleepless night. The participants watched videos of people with neural (中性的) expressions walking towards them. When the person on the video got too “close” to them, they pushed a button to stop the video.

What does the underlined word “participants” mean in Chinese?

A.管理者

B.参与者

C.研究者

D.旁观者

此题根据原文“The researchers did a small study. They tested 18 young people who had good sleep after a sleepless night.”可知,此处participants指的是上文提到的参加实验的年轻人,意思应为“参与者”,故答案选B。

2.根据逻辑关联词猜测词义

在阅读理解短文中,我们经常见到在所猜词汇的上下文中有一些表示逻辑关系的词汇。我们抓住这些表示逻辑关系的连词或副词等,弄清生词和上下文之间的逻辑关系,就不难猜测出生词词义。

(1)因果关系

常见的表示因果关系的关联词有:because, as, since, for, so, therefore 等。

例题二

(2021·辽宁·锦州)But why are people getting smarter? Flynn and many other researchers believe this has something to do with technology. New technologies have further developed our brains. They have made us think better. So we may be better at completing the missing parts of a puzzle than our parents.

The underlined word “puzzle” in the passage means “” in Chinese.

A.拼图

B.困境

C.迷惑

D.阻碍

此题根据因果连词“so”,可以看出前后句子之间存在因果关系。根据上文“New technologies have further developed our brains. They have made us think better. 新科技已经更深地开发了我们的大脑,新科技使我们更好地思考”,可以推断我们比父母更聪明,进而可知下句表达意思为“So we may be better at completing the missing parts of a puzzle than our parents. 所以我们可能比父母更好地完成拼图中缺失的部分”。故选A。此题抓住因果关联词 “so”就可以帮助我们做出正确的推断。

(2)并列关系

在句子或段落中,作者常用and或者or等并列连词来连接同义词或同义词组,或者使用同位语等来表达同类事物。阅读理解中抓住这些表示并列關系的词汇,可以大大提高我们推断的准确性。

例题三

(2021·江苏·苏州) Chinese is mainly divided into 13 dialects (方言) and these dialects can be further divided into many kinds of local dialects. Putonghua (or Mandarin), the predominant dialect, is spoken by over 70% of the population and is one of the 6 official languages of the United Nations. Within these large dialect groups, there are small groups, many of which are difficult to understand. In Fujian, for example, people living 10 kilometres away from one another can be speaking different Min dialects.

What does the underlined word “predominant” mean?

A. More beautiful.

B. More special.

B. More interesting.

D. More common.

此题根据 “Putonghua (or Mandarin), the predominant dialect, is spoken by over 70% of the population” 可知,超過70%的人讲普通话。所猜生词部分是前面普通话的同位语,是并列关系,故可推断词义应为“更普遍的”。故选D。

3.根据生活常识猜测词义

有些时候,生词的上下文并不能提供猜测该词词义的全部信息。这时,我们就得在结合上下文的前提下,根据常识来判断词义了。

例题四

(2021·辽宁·盘锦)After ten minutes driving, we stopped the car and got out. Walking along a path, we turned at a corner. Gradually, the peace and silence of the place began to fill my mind. From the top of the mountain, I saw several fields full of flowers, shining like a carpet (地毯) before us.

The underlined word “path” shares a similar meaning with .

A. beach

B. road

C. bank

D. village

此题根据 “After ten minutes driving, we stopped the car and got out. Walking along a path, we turned at a corner.” 可知,作者和母亲开车10分钟后,停下车从车里出来。一直沿着走,然后在一个地方拐弯。根据常识,可以推断 “path” 和 选项中的“road” 同义,故选B。

除了以上方法外,我们还可以使用构词法和定义法等多种方法进行词汇猜测。在猜词过程中,同学们要注意以下几点:

1. 任何词汇都不是孤立存在的,一定要结合语篇和上下文语境进行理解和猜测。

2. 抓住关键词,理清逻辑关系,会事半功倍。

3. 巧妙利用多种方法和技巧来猜测词义。

总之,做词义猜测题的方法不拘一格。希望通过上面的中考真题分析,能够更好地帮助同学们理解和掌握词义猜测的基本方法与技巧。在平时的训练中,同学们要注意灵活把握技巧、联系语境,根据上下文的逻辑关系,并结合构词规则,就可以准确猜测词义了。

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