定语从句中关系代词which与that的用法辨析

周文倩

在英语中，关系代词which与that均可以引导定语从句，两者有时可以互换，但在某些情况下则不能互换。对此，笔者剖析了定语从句中关系代词which与that的用法，以期能够帮助同学们牢固掌握，避免错用。

一、只用which的情形

（1）在限制性定语从句中，当先行词是those，that等，且指物时，其后的关系代词只能使用which，而不能用that。如：①A mall should keep a stock of thosegoods which sell best.商场应备有畅销商品的存货。②She admired those which looked beautiful.她欣赏那些看起来很美的东西。③What is that which is in thebasket？篮子里的那个是什么？

（2）当关系代词前面出现介词时，且指物时，那么关系代词只能用which引导，而不能用that。如：①That is the house in which Luxun used to live.那是鲁迅过去常住的房子。②This is the bike by which I usedto go to school.这就是我上学时经常骑的自行车。③The speed with which it is catching up is breathtaking.中国奋起直追的速度是令人惊叹的。

（3）当句子中含有两个定语从句，若一个用关系代词that引导时，另一个则不能再用that，而是用关系代词which。如：①This is the umbrella that you bor-rowed which you have lost.这就是你借的那把已丢失的雨伞。②He bought a lot of books that could enrichhis knowledge and which could help to kill the time.他买了许多书，这些书可以丰富他的知识，帮助他消磨时间。

（4）在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词多用which引导，而不能用that。如：①She was often late to work，which contributed to her being dismissed.她经常上班迟到，这导致她被解雇。②Beijing，which is the capi-tal of China， is the world's first city to host both theSummer and Winter Olympics。北京，中国的首都，是世界上第一个同时举办夏季和冬季奥运会的城市。

二、只用that的情形

（l）当先行词是something，everything，anything，someone等复合不定代词时，关系代词应用that，而不能用which。如：①Everything that you need to know isin there.你需要知道的一切都在这了。②Is there any-thing that is beyond the boundary ofhuman knoWledge？有什么东西是超出人类知识范围的？

（2）当先词行前有the only，the very或no，much，1ittle，a11，few等词修饰时，关系代词应用that引导，而不能用which。如：①She gave me the very book that lwant to read.她给了我想读的那本书。②I have said a11that l want to s ay.我想说的都说了。③There is littlemoney that he can spend on buying a car他没有钱可以买车。

（3）当先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，关系代词应用that.而不用which。……