利用语篇结构推断词语含义

2022-06-30 21:18严瑞安
广东教育·高中 2022年6期
关键词:含义语篇短语

严瑞安

每年每一套全国卷高考题中,都有一至两道题要求考生根据语境推断单词或短语的含义。解这类题的根本方法,毫无疑问就是要求考生对语境有充分的理解,即理解上下文的意思。解题的技巧有很多,但本文主要谈谈利用语篇结构来推断单词或短语的含义。

我们知道,英语文章或段落的结构一般是“(背景+)主题句(总)+支撑句(分)(+结论句)”,即“总分(总)”结构。主题句就是作者提出观点或引出主题的句子,或者是告诉读者本文要说明的主体或要分析的现象的句子;而支撑句则用以论证观点、细化主题、详述理由、说明主体或解释现象等。

关于主题句,作者常常开门见山,首先写主题句。但是,有时作者也会先介绍背景,然后再写主题句。这时,主题句往往由表示转折关系的词或短语引出,常见的表示转折关系的词或短语有but, however, fortunately, luckily, unfortunately, on the contrary, otherwise等。

因此,我们既可以由总述句中的词语来推断分述句中的词语的含义,也可以由分述句中的词语来推断总述句中的词语的意思。

一、由总推分

[例1](2021年全国甲卷)

I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don’t worry about it. Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam, I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting:“Safe!Safe!Safe!”And that’s what mattered —— landing tricks, being a good skater.

9. What do the underlined words“Safe!Safe!Safe!”probably mean?

A. Be careful!              B. Well done!

C. No way!                 D. Don’t worry!

解析:显然“And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don’t worry about it.” 是本段要重点表达的观点,即“总”,说明了Safe在本篇语境的实际含义为cool, hello, don’t worry about it。接下來,从Once开始,就是对此句的具体说明,即举例说明safe的意义选择,也就是“分”。因A项(小心)和C项(没门)与safe的这三种意思不符,可先排除。

在“分”的第一个事例 “Once ... fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve ... helping me up: Safe, man. Safe.”中,safe应取“don’t worry about it”之意;那第二个事例中划线部分的意思是cool还是hello?由“And that’s what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater. ”可知,作者滑板落地技巧高超,他的朋友大声欢呼,应是表达赞美之情, Safe的含义应是cool(酷)之意,而与cool意思相近的只有“Well done!”,故选B项。

二、由分推总

[例2](2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷)

When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl(水禽)were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsman. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat(栖息地).

29. What does the underlined word“decimate”mean in the first paragraph?

A. Acquire.     B. Export.     C. Destroy.     D. Distribute.

解析:表转折的Unfortunately(不幸的是)后的内容是本段主题句,为“总”,其后是支撑主题的具体细节,为“分”。由细节句“Millions of waterfowl were killed .... Millions of acres of wetlands were dried ....”中的killed与dried可推断decimate的意思是“毁坏”,故选C项。事实上,其余选项“获得”“出口”与“使分布”与语境毫无关系。

[例3](2021年新高考全国Ⅱ卷)

As they(tigers)grew more mobile, we let them move freely around the house during the day, but when we were asleep we had to contain them in a large room, otherwise they’d get up to mischief. We’d come down in the morning to find they’d turned the room upside down, and left it looking like a zoo.

25. What do the underlined words“get up to mischief” mean in paragraph 3?

A. Behave badly.    B. Lose their way.

C. Sleep soundly.    D. Miss their mom.

解析:由表示轉折关系的otherwise(否则)可知,get up to mischief是当作者一家睡觉时不将老虎“关在一个大房间里”的后果(“总”),从语境和常识都可推断,后果是不好的,于是可排除C项“睡得香”;又因“迷路”“想念妈妈”与“不关在大房间里”没有直接联系,也可排除,只好选A项“表现不好”。但如何证明表现不好?下句有具体说明(“分”),“我们早上下来,发现他们把房间弄得乱七八糟,看起来像个动物园”,据此,可进一步确认A项正确。

此外,笔者在做历年高考词义推断题中还发现,不少题可直接利用转折、让步(although, though, while),或对比 (while)等逻辑关系就能顺利推断出来。总之,什么类型的题目用什么方法来解答才又快又好,就要靠我们在解题实践中自己去领悟了。

责任编辑 蒋小青

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