控扼桥路：北宋前中期澶州军事作用的形成及其局限

摘 要： 北宋在“守內虚外”的战略理念下，管控内外要冲，着意确保各要冲拱卫都城开封。北宋前中期，澶州控扼黄河下游干流上唯一一处常设浮桥，发挥着护卫开封的军事作用，为理解上述时代现象提供了典型个案。澶州以南北二城夹护黄河津渡，连接开封与宋辽首要对峙区河北平原。宋廷通过在澶州河津架桥，将开封与河北之间安全、顺畅的干道交通，约束为一线桥路；通过控扼澶州桥路，掌握启闭开封北面门户的主动权。由此，景德之役中，宋方在澶州北城一带预先布防，成功扼桥退敌，促成澶渊之盟。然而，架设浮桥亦诱使黄河洪灾频发，造成澶州日常防务经营受限。在此情况下，宋廷压制澶州北侧重镇大名的常驻军规模，以免大名方面干扰开封朝廷对澶州桥路的控制。该部署可巩固北宋内部“强干弱枝”的形势，却削弱了北宋对外临战应变的能力。分析澶州这一案例，有助于考察宋廷如何协调技术、战术、战争战略、战略理念等不同层面的部署，进而理解北宋的整体军事格局。

关键词： 宋辽战争；澶渊之盟；军事地理；黄河；澶州

中图分类号： K244

文献标志码： A

文章编号： 1673-3851 （2023） 06-0292-08

Controlling the bridge： Foundation and limitation of Chanzhou′s military role in the early and mid-Northern Song periodsDynasty

HE  Tianbai

（School of History， Zhejiang University， Hangzhou  310058， China）

Abstract：   Under the guiding ideology of "strengthening the internal defense while weakening the external one"， the Northern Song Dynasty tried to ensure all the strongholds would guard the capital city， Kaifeng. In the early and middle Northern Song Dynastymid-Northern Song periods， Chanzhou controlled the only permanent pontoon bridge on the lower reaches of the Yellow River， and played a military role in guarding Kaifeng， which provides a typical case for understanding the above-mentioned historical phenomenon of the times. The northern and southern parts of ChanzhouChanzhou cities were used to protect the ferry crossings along the Yellow River， connecting Kaifeng and Hebei Plain， the primary confrontation area of themain battlefield between Song and LiaoKhitan-Liao Dynasties. By building a bridge in the Chanzhou ferry crossingbridge， the Song imperial court transformed the safe and unhindered arterymain traffic route between Kaifeng and Hebei into a pontoon bridge road; by controlling the Chanzhou pontoonferry bridge， the Song imperial court seized the initiative on controlling the northern gateway of Kaifeng. During the Jingde War （1004—1005）Battle of Chanzhou in 1004， the Song military deployed troops along the northern Chanzhou city in advance along the northern part of Chanzhou， controlled the bridge and defeated the enemy， thus contributing to the Treaty of Chanyuan. Nevertheless， the erection of the pontoon bridge also led to frequent floods of the Yellow River， resulting in restrictions on daily defense and operations in Chanzhou. Faced with this situationUnder this circumstance， the Song imperial court suppressed the size of the resident army oflimited the number of garrison troops in Daming， a major townregional hub city， which located on the north side of Chanzhou， so as not to that Daming wouldn′t interfere with the Kaifeng court′s control of the Chanzhou pontoon bridge. This deployment could consolidate the situation of weakening the mobility of the Song military and "strengthening centralized power" inside the Northern Song， but weakened the ability of the Northern Song to cope with the  external challenges. The analysis of the case of Chanzhou is helpful to investigate how the Song court coordinated the deployment at different levels， such as technology， tactics， war strategy and strategic philosophy， and to understand the overall military pattern of the Northern Song Dynasty.

Key words： Song-Liao War; the Chanyuan Treaty; military geography; the Yellow River; Chanzhou

“守内虚外”的战略理念深刻影响北宋的内政措置与国防部署，而宋廷对内外要冲的管控方式突出反映了这一时代特征。宋廷从维持都城开封的安全及其优势地位出发，既重视经营关系开封安危的各处要冲，又刻意限制各要冲之间的联系、配合，以期在应对外部军事挑战的同时，避免内部叛乱。……