英文学术论文中转述语的信息来源分析

2015-09-01 01:04董志友
黑龙江教育学院学报 2015年8期
关键词:学术论文来源观点

董志友

(黑龙江外国语学院英语系,哈尔滨 150025)

引言

国内外对于转述语的研究已历时四十余年,研究的焦点多集中于转述动词研究及跨语言对比研究。本文以巴赫金[1]281对话性和多声性观点为理论基础,重点讨论英文学术论文作者在学术论文中如何通过各种不同的信息来源实现多种声音的互动,从而有利于作者提出并证明自己的观点,赢得同行和读者的支持。

一、转述语的信息来源分类

综合 Thompson[2]501—530的五分法和辛斌[3]146的三分法,本文把转述语的信息来源分为:自我信息来源(self source)、明确的他人信息来源(specified other source)、非明确的他人信息来源(unspecified other source)和无法辨明出处的信息来源(unspecifiable source)。

二、转述语不同信息来源的实现方式及意义

在以上转述信息来源分类的基础上,本文以2013年到2015年间英语国家权威的学术期刊The Modern Language Journal,Cognitive Science,Journal of Linguistic Anthropology,International Journal of Applied Linguistics中的学术论文为语料,具体分析英文学术论文中转述语各种不同信息来源的实现方式。

1.自我信息来源

自我信息来源是指学术论文作者转述自己话语的现象,往往作者会在句中使用第一人称代词,具体可采取以下结构:I/We+V.(转述动词)+that clause;I/We+V.(转述动词)+to infinitive;my/our+N.(转述名词)+that clause等。如:

(1)We believe that the accumulated knowledge on these topics is now so robust and extensive that it cannot be disregarded.

(2)We consider this to be an important implication of the available evidence on language and thought,which to date has received little attention.

(3)It is our belief that the current combination of theoretical frameworks is necessary to ferret out the semantic complexity of the domain of motion and thus the different motion event components that the L2 learner would need to master in order to behave in a target-like fashion.

转述自我话语表明作者愿意为所持论点的真实性和正确与否承担责任,对自我观点拥有自信,这就容易使人相信其科学性和可信性,从而增加其学术价值。

2.明确的他人信息来源

明确的他人信息来源是指在转述话语中明确地指出被转述话语发出者为转述者之外的人,并明确地指出被转述话语发出者的姓名或身份的情况[4]151。明确的他人信息来源可表现为:sb+V.(转述动词)+that clause;sb's+N.(转述名词);according to sb/sb's+N.;或者被转述者相关信息在括号内出现等情况,如:

(4)Cartwright(2007)argued that our causal knowledge is rife with Markov violations and,therefore,concluded that Bayes nets do not adequately express causal knowledge.

(5)Herodotus's view on language and thought,however,did not go unchallenged,as other scholars would posit that language is but a tool to talk about reality,and does not influence our experience of it(for historical accounts,see Fishman,1980;Koerner,2002).

(6)According to Whorf's(1956)Principle of Linguistic Relativity,speakers of different languages are pointed by their grammars toward different acts of evaluation of reality and must therefore arrive at somewhat different worldviews.

(7)By comparison,taking two massive contemporary grammars,motion is not numbered among the nine semantic domains for verbs inThe Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English(Biber et al.,1999)nor does it form a meaning system in Halliday's functional grammar(Halliday & Matthiessen,2013).

在学术论文转述中采用明确的他人信息来源,表明学术论文作者了解该学科研究动态和他人的研究成果,使自己的文章更具有学术性。学术论文作者可以通过批驳这种转述信息来源观点,从而为提出自己不同的观点作为基础,为自己赢得有利的学术空间。学术论文作者还可以通过转述与自己相同或相近的观点来证明或支持自己的观点,这一方面可以使自己的论证更加有力,同时还可以增强自己文章的科学性,便于学术论文作者进一步展开论述。

3.非明确的他人信息来源

非明确的他人信息来源是指用非定指名词、名词短语或代词来作为被转述人的转述语言现象。虽然没有用某人的具体名字来作为消息来源,但很多时候会用职业等来表示,如:

(7)More specifically,as some theorists would argue,“breakthrough”or“radical”innovation comes from good concepts that are also very new(Boden,2004).

(8)Nevertheless,few researchers have tackled the issue of whether there is a threshold level that pupils should have attained before optimally benefiting from CLIL classes(Muoz 2010),although the issue has been addressed in reference to university immersion and study abroad contexts.

英文学术论文中采用非明确的他人信息来源,可能主要是因为所涉及到的转述内容并非起到关键性作用,而只是为作者观点作为旁证,因此转述信息来源到底是谁并不重要。但是论文作者为了表明转述内容的真实与权威性,往往会指出转述信息来源的职业或身份,如上述两例中的“theorists”和“researchers”等。

4.无法辨明出处的信息来源

无法辨明出处的信息来源可以通过被动式、模糊话语、或无法辨明来源的语法结构来实现,具体有:It is/was+v-ed(转述动词)+that clause;There is/was/has been+n.(转述名词)+about sth/that clause;The suggestion/explanation/assumption+is/was/would be+that clause等。有时还会用到alleged,allegedly,supposedly等形容词或副词。如:

(9)It is argued that the centrality of motion in everyday human life,in combination with the vast cross-linguistic variation in motion construal,makes motion events a suitable topic for SLA research,both in terms of ecological validity and learnability challenge.

(10)In light of this,one possible explanation of the local/incremental character of conceptual search supported by FAR ANALOGY might be that many of the far analogies were insufficiently“far”from previously considered concepts.

(11)In philosophy,there has been a debate about the validity of the Markov condition.

(12)Hence native Irish speakers—whose allegedly distinct linguistic worldview we,after all,are trying to reconstruct within competing hypothetical arguments about linguistic relativity—are actually much less likely to think of a“fort of the foreigners”when talking of“Dún na nGall”than any person who acquires I-rish as a second language.

采用无法辨明出处的信息来源表明作者不知道信息的确切来源,或者有意遮掩已知的信息来源来对其进行保护或保全对方的面子,或者信息究竟来源于哪里并不重要。不过不得不承认,无法辨明信息来源的转述往往会让读者怀疑其可靠性和真实性。学术论文作者之所以这样来写,一方面可能是要保护相关的信息来源;另一方面也可能是这样的信息来源根本不存在,作者这样写仅仅是为了增强论文的真实性和可靠性而编造出来的。

结语

综合以上讨论可见,英文学术论文作者在学术论文中常常通过自我信息来源明确地提出自己的观点,或运用明确的他人信息来源证明和支持自己的观点或用以提出反面观点进行批驳以便于自己立论,或借助非明确的他人信息来源对文中的论点加以旁证,或采取无法辨明出处的信息来源来隐去信息来源的具体身份从而既保护对方又对文中观点提供佐证。这些不同信息来源的转述在学术论文中相互作用,从而实现了多种不同声音的对话,构建了立体的科学空间,增强了论文的科学性和有效性。

[1]Bakhtin,M.The Dialogic Imagination:Four Essays[C].M.Holquist(ed.),C.Emerson& M.Holquist(trans.).Austin/London:University of Texas Press,1981.

[2]Thompson,G.Voices in the Text:Discourse:Perspectives on Language Reports[J].Applied Linguistics,1996,(17).

[3]辛斌,李曙光.汉英报纸新闻语篇互文性研究[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2010.

[4]高小丽.汉英报纸新闻语篇中转述言语的比较研究[D].南京:南京师范大学,2013.

(责任编辑:刘东旭)

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