CHADS2及CHA2DS2-VASc评分在冠心病外科治疗中的应用

2015-09-15 14:44王颍骅薛松
中国心血管病研究 2015年4期
关键词:移植术旁路抗凝

王颍骅 薛松

临床研究

CHADS2及CHA2DS2-VASc评分在冠心病外科治疗中的应用

王颍骅 薛松

作者单位:200127 上海市,上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院心血管外科

目的 评价CHADS22及CHA2DS2-VASc评分系统在冠心病外科治疗中的意义。方法 选择2006年1月至2010年1月行不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术的768例患者,术后新发房颤患者97例。回顾患者的围术期及随访资料,应用CHADS2及CHA2DS2-VASc评分系统进行分析。结果 768例患者术后新发房颤发生率12.6%,分为术后新发房颤组与非房颤组。新发房颤组与非房颤组平均年龄分别为(70.74±8.21)岁和(65.90±9.83)岁,围术期脑卒中分别为8例和9例,CHADS2评分值分别为3.20±1.26和2.13±0.94,CHA2DS2-VASc评分值分别为4.20±1.50和3.23±1.07。CHADS2和CHA2DS2-VASc评分是术后新发房颤的预测因素,与围术期脑卒中显著相关(P<0.01)。结论 冠心病外科治疗中应用CHADS2及CHA2DS2-VASc评分系统可预测术后新发房颤及围术期脑卒中,对冠心病术后新发房颤的抗凝及抗血小板治疗决策提供了依据,对卒中风险及预后有一定的评估价值。

CHADS2和CHA2DS2-VASc评分; 冠状动脉旁路移植术; 术后新发房颤; 脑卒中

房颤和冠心病都是常见病,据统计,65岁以上人群的房颤发生率为3%~5%。冠心病外科治疗围术期常出现房颤和缺血性脑卒中,但是冠状动脉旁路移植术后抗凝和抗血小板治疗方案仍存在争议。2010年欧洲公布新房颤指南后,对于非瓣膜性房颤出现了两个评分系统,分别为CHADS2及CHA2DS2-VASc评分系统。本研究应用上述两个评分系统对不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植的病例进行了回顾性分析,现总结如下。

1 资料与方法

1.1 临床资料 选择2006年1月至2010年1月上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院心血管外科收治的768例不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植手术患者,其中97例术后新发房颤,分为术后新发房颤组与非房颤组。回顾患者的围术期资料,应用CHADS2及CHA2DS2-VASc评分系统进行分析,一般资料见表1。

表1 术后新发房颤组与非房颤组的围术期资料比较(±s)

表1 术后新发房颤组与非房颤组的围术期资料比较(±s)

组别 例数 男/女 年龄(岁) 糖尿病 高脂血症 高血压 术前脑梗 术前PCI史 围术期脑梗术后新发房颤组 97 11/86 70.74±8.21 58 20 91 39 38 8非房颤组 671 328/343 65.90±9.83 486 202 517 88 42 9 P值 <0.01 <0.05 <0.05 NS <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01组别 NYHA心功能分级 搭桥数量 术后3 d肌酐(μmol/L)CHA2DS2-VASc评分Ⅰ级 Ⅱ级 Ⅲ级 Ⅳ级CHADS2评分术后新发房颤组 7 54 24 12 3.53±0.64 94.12±45.81 3.20±1.26 4.20±1.50非房颤组 315 255 97 4 3.32±0.52 89.66±39.41 2.13±0.94 3.23±1.07 P值 <0.01 NS NS <0.01 <0.01

1.2 方法 将768例患者分为术后新发房颤组与非房颤组,回顾患者的围术期资料,计算CHADS2及CHA2DS2-VASc值,进行对照研究。

1.3 统计学方法 应用SPSS 16.0进行统计分析。应用t检验、卡方、Logistic多因素回归分析对计量资料和计数资料进行分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

术后新发房颤组与非房颤组的CHADS2评分值 分别 为 3.20±1.26 和 2.13±0.94(P<0.01),CHA2DS2-VASc评分值分别为4.20±1.50和3.23±1.07(P<0.01)。多因素分析表明,术后新发房颤与CHADS2、CHA2DS2-VASc评分和评分内重要评分指标均显著相关,如表2所示。术前脑梗患者的CHADS2及CHA2DS2-VASc评分均值明显高于无术前脑梗患者(P<0.01),见图1。围术期脑梗患者的CHADS2及CHA2DS2-VASc评分均值也显著高于无围术期脑梗患者(P<0.01),见图2。

表2 术后新发房颤的多因素回归分析

图1 术前脑梗与CHADS2及CHA2DS2-VASc评分的比较

3 讨论

中国冠心病及房颤的发病率逐年上升,超过65岁的人群中有3%~5%发生房颤。房颤不仅影响心脏有效射血量,也是血栓栓塞尤其是脑卒中的重要原因。80%的中风源于房颤后心脏血栓,抗凝治疗可以使房颤后发生卒中的风险降低64%[1],因此有效抗凝预防血栓栓塞越来越受到重视。

图2 围术期脑卒中与CHADS2及CHA2DS2-VASc评分的比较

术后新发房颤是一种常见的心脏术后并发症,在冠状动脉搭桥术后的发生率为11%~40%,是心脏术后总死亡率及晚期死亡率的独立相关因素[2-8]。有报道,心脏术后新发房颤与心脏基础疾患、心肌保护不良、年龄、左房重构、代谢综合征、自主神经及内分泌系统改变、炎症反应和氧化应激相关[9]。术后新发房颤是影响冠状动脉搭桥术后精神及体力的独立因素,不但与近期并发症相关,而且是影响术后长期生存的负性因素[2,7,10,11]。由于新发房颤及脑卒中对冠状动脉旁路移植术后功能恢复及预后有重大影响,因此,早期发现房颤及脑卒中高危人群,早期预测围术期脑卒中的风险,严格执行推荐的抗凝指导策略,对降低围术期脑卒中,降低冠状动脉旁路移植术后死亡率有极其重要的作用。

鉴于房颤的华法林抗凝治疗的出血风险,冠状动脉旁路移植术后合并房颤的抗凝及抗血小板聚集治疗方案选择一直存在争议。CHADS2和CHA2DS2-VASc评分是欧洲心脏病学会及2012房颤指南推荐的评估非瓣膜性房颤卒中风险及指导抗凝策略的评分系统,使用CHADS2及CHA2DS2-VASc评分能够预测心脏术后新发房颤及脑卒中,对高危患者的判定非常准确[12]。CHADS2评分系统包含5项评分标准:充血性心力衰竭、高血压、年龄≥75岁、糖尿病、中风或短暂脑缺血发作(TIA),<2分为低危人群需要阿司匹林抗凝,≥2分为中高危人群需要华法林抗凝控制INR(国际标准比值)至2~3。CHA2DS2-VASc评分标准较CHADS2评分增加了3个项目,分别为性别、年龄<60岁和外周血管疾病。CHADS2及CHA2DS2-VASc评分系统均为预测非瓣膜性房颤患者脑卒中风险的体系,但其评价意义不同。CHADS2评分系统注重于非瓣膜性房颤卒中风险的高危人群,而CHA2DS2-VASc评分系统对筛选低危人群更敏感[13]。CHADS2及CHA2DS2-VASc评分可以预测非瓣膜性房颤的中风风险和中长期预后;能够评估急性冠脉综合征后新发房颤及死亡、心梗、中风等不良并发症的风险,生存曲线表明,≥2分的相关并发症明显增多;还能预测无房颤冠心病的潜在房颤和中风风险,对指导围术期胺碘酮、β受体抑制剂、他汀类药物干预房颤有意义,能够使高危人群获益[14-19]。有报道,CHADS2及CHA2DS2-VASc评分与房颤患者的左房重构、慢性充血性心衰、高炎症反应明显相关[20-22]。此外,上述结果与BNP(心房尿钠肽)预测房颤患者心血管事件结果相一致,因而,可以评估长期预后[23]。大量文献及荟萃分析表明,CHADS2评分是评价高危人群指导抗凝的有效评价标准,而CHA2DS2-VASc评分在评估低危人群的中风风险中较CHADS2评分更具有优势,CHADS2评分≥2分需要正规华法林抗凝治疗[24-28]。

本研究对行不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植的患者进行了CHADS2及CHA2DS2-VASc评分,结果发现术后新发房颤患者的术前CHADS2及CHA2DS2-VASc评分值明显高于无房颤患者,且术前脑梗及围术期脑梗患者评分均值明显高于非脑梗患者(P<0.01),提示 CHADS2和 CHA2DS2-VASc评分系统能够有效预测术后新发房颤及脑卒中,指导围术期抗凝及抗血小板治疗,减少冠状动脉旁路移植术后房颤引起的并发症。

综上所述,CHADS2及CHA2DS2-VASc评分系统能够预测术后新发房颤,对早期发现围术期脑卒中高危人群、指导抗凝及抗血小板治疗策略、降低围术期脑卒中、降低冠状动脉搭桥术后死亡率、提高远期生存率和生活质量有重要意义。

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The application of CHADS2and CHA2DS2-VASc score in coronary artery bypass surgery

The application of CHADS2and CHA2DS2-VASc score in coronary artery bypass surgery

WANG Ying-hua,XUE Song.Department of Cardiovascular Surgery,Renji Hospital,School of Medicine,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai 200127,China

XUE Song,E-mail:xuesong64@163.com

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to evaluate CHADS2and CHA2DS2-VASc score in coronary artery bypass surgery.MethodsClinical records of 768 patients who underwent off pump coronary artery bypass grafting surgery were analyzed retrospectively.CHADS2and CHA2DS2-VASc score have been used in the analysis.ResultsThe patients were divided into two groups:postoperative atrial fibrillation group and non-atrial fibrillation group.The incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation was 12.6%.The average age was (70.74±8.21)years old and (65.90±9.83)years old,the number of postoperative stroke was 8 and 9,CHADS2score was 3.20±1.26 and 2.13±0.94,CHA2DS2-VASc score was 4.20±1.50 and 3.23±1.07 respectively.CHADS2and CHA2DS2-VASc scoring were predictors of postoperative atrial fibrillation and were closely associated with perioperaive stroke(P<0.01).ConclusionOur results suggest that CHADS2and CHA2DS2-VASc score are highly reliable in the prediction of postoperative atrial fibrillation as well as perioperative stroke.Therefore,the scoring system is valuable in anticoagulation and antiplatelet management and prophylactic consideration in coronary artery bypass surgery for atrial fibrillation and stroke.Hence,CHADS2and CHA2DS2-VASc score system is applicable in clinical practice of coronary artery bypass surgery.

CHADS2and CHA2DS2-VASc score; Coronary artery bypass grafting surgery; Postoperative atrial fibrillation;Stroke

薛松,E-mail:xuesong64@163.com

10.3969/j.issn.1672-5301.2015.04.007

R654.2

A

1672-5301(2015)04-0316-04

2015-01-19)

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