国内外高校图书馆的社会服务比较研究*

2016-03-09 10:42蔡洪齐
广州广播电视大学学报 2016年3期
关键词:社会服务比较图书馆

蔡洪齐

(广州铁路职业技术学院,广东 广州 510430)



国内外高校图书馆的社会服务比较研究*

蔡洪齐

(广州铁路职业技术学院,广东 广州 510430)

摘要:我国国内高校图书馆面向社会服务的起步比较晚,人们对高校图书馆开放的呼声愈来愈大。国外的高校图书馆开放的较早,我国在近年来也已经进行了高校图书馆的社会化服务,但是收效甚微。本文对国内外高校图书馆的社会化服务进行比较研究,进而提出高校图书馆社会化服务的若干建议。

关键词:国内外高校;图书馆;社会服务;比较

我们国家的公共图书馆还不是很完善,并且覆盖率较低,平均40多万人才拥有一座图书馆,这也极大制约了我们国家的文化教育事业发展。教育部在2002年颁发了《普通高校图书馆规程(修订)》,为高校图书馆的开发提供了一定的政策。在2005年,我国50多所高校图书馆馆长共同签署了“中国大学图书馆合作与资源共享武汉宣言”,创建了良好的高校图书馆社会化服务氛围[1]。2008年举办的中国图书馆学会年会主题是“图书馆服务:全民共享”,这也是我国图书馆学会第一次提出这样的口号,为图书馆事业的进步发展起到了极大的促进作用。2009年召开的全国高校图书馆信息服务社会化学术研讨会更是提出,高校图书馆服务要面向社会,为社会发展做出贡献[2]。

随着社会的进步发展,人们的学习热情日渐高涨,对社会图书馆的需求也与日俱增,对高校图书馆社会化服务的呼声越来越高。高校图书馆面向社会开放也是时代进步的趋势,高校图书馆本身具有丰富的馆藏,图书资源比较丰富,为实现对社会的服务,也需要高校能够发挥自身的资源优势,提高全民的文化水平,满足社会需求以及经济发展的需要。同时,要对服务过程中反馈的信息及时进行处理,提高图书馆的服务效率。本文对国内外高校图书馆的社会化服务进行对比研究,以期为提高我国高校图书馆的发展提供帮助,提升其社会形象。

一、国内高校图书馆社会化服务现状分析

高校图书馆面向社会提供服务是指能够保证自身服务对象的前提下,向社会公众进行开放,以有偿或无偿的方式为社会公众提供借阅服务,使社会公众能够查阅高校图书馆中的不同信息资源,提供给他们不同的信息服务。高校图书馆是国家信息基础设施的一个重要组成,图书馆的社会化服务也是以后的一个发展趋势[3]。

(一)借阅服务

我国高校图书馆的传统社会化服务方式为馆际互借方式以及临时借阅。目前,北京地区北大、清华等多所高校面向社会提供免费的开放,湖北省武汉大学等几所大学也开放了本校图书馆的社会化服务,这使得高校图书馆的信息资源能够更好的为社会经济发展提供帮助。并且随着大学城以及高校园区的建设,一大批的高校园区、大学城等高校图书馆也向不同的学校师生提供信息服务,在满足高校师生需求的前提下,向周边社区的广大群众也提供借阅服务。截止2012年,我国过半的地方高校图书馆面向社会提供馆藏图书的借阅服务[4]。

当前国内已有许多高校图书馆积极开展了社会化服务,但是其中仅仅有部分图书馆的社会化服务取得了成效。就目前整体形势来说,高校图书馆的社会化服务规模并不是很大。比如,南京市大多数的高校不对社会开放图书馆,即使是提供社会服务的图书馆,也仅仅是几所,并且开放的范围比较小,有很大的局限性。一些高校的图书馆仅仅为在该校参加培训或是学校周边社区的居民提供临时的阅览证。临时阅览证与高校的借阅证有很大的区别,阅览证仅仅只能在图书馆内看书,禁止将图书借走。还有一些学校允许将图书借出,但是需要单位证明以及数百元的图书押金,并且借阅证也是临时的,面向社会提供的服务是有限度的。

(二)公众服务

高校图书馆面向社会提供服务需要国家政策的支持以及图书馆事业的发展进步,信息资源共享也是社会发展的需要,不断有高校的图书馆为社会提供文化、科技以及经济等方面的服务,为社会提供了卓越的科技知识支持。

1.为企业提供服务。高校图书馆能够为企业提供信息服务,这也是高校为区域内经济发展服务的一项重要措施,也是高校的社会职能。随着经济信息化的发展以及市场竞争力的不断提高,各大企业也认识到信息资源的重要性。高校图书馆为企业提供信息资源能够促进企业的经济发展,并且对高校自身的信息服务能力有很大的促进作用,高校教学科研水平等也能得到进一步的提高。比如,南京工业大学图书馆建立了专利数据库,汇集了国家知识产权局、美国专利数据库、德国专利检索等一系列的资源链接,能够为企业提供各种专利信息的查询以及科技信息查新等服务,使得企业能够最快得知市场中最先进的技术信息。上海第二医科大学图书馆已经与网络公司合作制作了网页,不断更新发布各种最新的医疗科技信息,也为一些药厂起到了广告宣传的作用。

2.为地方政府提供服务。高校本身具备一定的科研能力,与当地企业的结合能够为地方经济的发展提供帮助。广州大学图书馆在2003年建立了新闻资料全文数据库,为广州市政府各个机关提供信息服务,收到了显著的效果。同时,图书馆还为广州市档案局进行信息的收集整理工作,为政府工作带来很大的便利。高校图书馆具有信息、人才、资源等优势,能够为政府提供相当的信息服务,为社会发展以及经济建设等提供帮助,并且能够为图书馆获得一定的建设经费,实现了优势互补,实现了社会资源的优质优配,有较大的积极意义[5]。

3.提升公共文化的服务能力。高校图书馆可以利用自身的优势资源为公共图书馆提供帮助,进而覆盖一定的服务范围,公共图书馆也可以将自身的优势资源为高校师生提供服务。通过这种联盟式的建设能够为广大公众提供更加开放的服务,实现了信息资源的共享。2009年天津建立了高校图书馆与市图书馆资源共享机制,实现了天津市民的高校图书馆借阅服务。天津的19所高校师生与市民都能在天津市图书馆与高校图书馆中获得信息服务。如果市民想查阅的书籍在图书馆中没有的话,可以去别的图书馆或是高校图书馆进行借阅。高校图书馆与公共图书馆能够进行资源的互补以及用户的交叉,近年广州铁路职业技术学院图书馆指导庆隆社区图书室建设,减轻了广州市白云区图书馆对庆隆社区图书室的管理压力,为社区提供文献服务,提升公共文化的服务能力,使得信息的共享达到了一个新的高度。高校图书馆社会化服务的资源共享也能降低图书资源的重复建设,提高资源的利用效率,对当前公共图书馆配置不足以及社会需求不断增加的矛盾能够大大缓解,为社会公众提供更便捷的服务[6]。

二、国外高校图书馆社会化服务研究

(一)借阅服务

美国的高校图书馆社会化服务比较成熟,这与国家的重视度密切相关,美国图书馆协会明确指出大学图书馆对待所有服务对象要同本校师生一致,提供一样的服务,满足他们的阅读需求。美国的高校图书馆享有政府的补贴,因此,大多数美国公立高校图书馆都会向社会公众提供免费的服务。并且,部分私立大学的图书馆虽然不对外开放,但是对于外部公众的进入并不是很严格。比如哈佛大学属于私立大学,但是普通市民进入也不会受到拒绝。德国的高校图书馆不单要为师生提供服务,还要承担所在地的公众服务。英国的高校图书馆对市民是免费开放的,不需要任何的证件即可借阅图书。

(二)公众服务

美国的高校图书馆能够为社会提供较为综合的各种服务。学习的各种资源较为丰富,对工作人员的素养以及社会发展有很大的促进作用。如加州大学图书馆能够利用公共服务项目进行商业合作,将科研成就转化为生产技术,为区域以及国家带来经济效益。英国、意大利等国家的高新图书馆也会不同程度地为社会提供各种综合服务,能够发挥出巨大的公众效益。需要指出的是日本也是世界上图书馆管理比较好的国家,日本高校图书馆社会化服务的程度比较高,为大学周边的知识创新及普通市民教育发挥了巨大作用。日本在1979年时,中央教育审议会就提出了高校图书馆面向社会化服务的要求,在1981年的答复咨询报告中提出,高校图书馆必须要向成人开放。2005年的数据显示:日本有685家高校图书馆面向社会公众提供服务,占到高校图书馆总数的97.7%,在2005年中,高校外的借阅者达到了148万人。

三、国内外高校图书馆社会服务对比研究

(一)国内外高校图书馆服务对象对比

就当前的国外高校图书馆服务来说,它们的服务对象不断向细化发展,图书馆服务的对象呈现出高度的社会化以及人性化等特点。而国内高校图书馆服务对象则是比较粗放式的,图书馆的服务对于社会特殊群体(青少年、残疾人等)关注度较低,并且仅有少部分是面向社会开放的。我们也能发现,我国的高校图书馆面向社会服务还没有得到实质性的发展。

(二)国内外高校图书馆服务程度对比

国外的高校图书馆很多都是面向社会服务的,普通市民能够使用自己的身份证件进入图书馆,甚至一些图书馆不需要任何证件即可进入,进而获得自己需要的各种图书信息。并且一些高校图书馆能够向外国公民开放。当前,我国的高校图书馆则只有少部分对社会公众提供服务,并且社会公众在高校图书馆中获得的服务与高校读者享受的服务存在一定的区别。

(三)国内外高校图书馆服务方式对比

国外的一些高校图书馆能够为普通的社会大众提供借阅服务,普通的市民能够在图书馆内阅读图书,还能将图书外借。社会公众能够借阅图书馆的图书,并且还能进行馆际借阅,借阅到该图书馆没有的馆藏资源,利用图书馆的咨询检索以及网上查询等服务,有些图书馆还可以提供课程培训等服务。这也体现出国外高校图书馆多元化的服务方式。相比之下,我国的高校图书馆服务方式则比较单一。

(四)国内外高校图书馆服务人才对比

在国外的一些高校图书馆中,社会化服务的工作都是由图书馆中的馆员来完成,在英国甚至有专门的服务部门来完成该项工作。在我国,许多高校图书馆的社会化服务没有准确的定位,没有专门的馆员来承担。对比国内外的一些图书馆社会化服务来看,高校图书馆的服务工作涉及到非常多的内容,比如图书借阅、图书检索、信息咨询等一系列的工作,有些工作的开展必须要集合图书馆的资源、人力以及技术共同协调来完成,有些国家为此成立了专门的部门来完成该项工作,协调服务中的一些问题。

根据2011年的调查结果显示,我国高校图书馆面向社会服务中开放率已经达到了16.74%,并且相当一部分的图书馆社会化服务比较成功。近年来国内研究高校图书馆社会化服务的学者越来越多,研究的课题数量及成果大大增加。从整体上来看,我国高校图书馆的社会化服务实践发展速度比较快,已经从单馆服务逐渐向联盟化发展,服务方式也向多元化服务转变,从“走进来”式的服务逐步向“走出去”式服务发展。

四、我国高校图书馆社会化服务的措施

(一)坚持以人为本

许多高校存在思想上的误区,认为高校图书馆是个体资源,不具备社会职能,不能够为社会人员提供服务,并且自身经费有限,对自己学校的师生需求满足都存在差距,更不要说面向社会了。为此,高校首先要有正确的认识,坚持以人为本的原则,让社会公众走进校园图书馆内,使得资源能够为社会公众提供服务。同时,要平等对待本校师生以及外部市民,逐步提升服务质量及服务态度。由于当前我国高校图书馆全面社会化服务的能力还不是很充分,因此需要逐步推行。我国高校在推行图书馆社会化服务时需要结合自身实际情况,逐步实现面向社会的服务。并且,要协调好内部及外部服务,避免因社会服务对为学校师生的服务造成影响。

(二)完善相关法律法规

高校图书馆在进行社会化服务时,对人事、经费等管理必须要严格按照法律法规进行,使其运营能够获得法律的保障。当前高校图书馆的社会化服务不规范也是由于缺乏相关法律法规的保障支撑,国外那些成功的高校图书馆服务案例均是有完善的图书馆法规保护。美国在1925年就制定了《图书馆法》,对图书馆的运营管理提供了保障。目前我国尚缺乏相关的法律,现行的法律法规中,与图书馆相关的法律大多都是言论、思想、出版等相关的内容。因此,《图书馆法》等法律法规的出台颁布也是迫在眉睫,这也能够为高校图书馆服务提供必要的法律依据,同时能够规范图书馆的各项服务行为。此外,高校的图书馆规程也需要进行修订,建立符合当前需求的开放程序以及相关收费标准等,使得高校图书馆的社会化服务能够走向规范化的管理,能够为更多的人提供全方位的服务。

(三)构建高校图书馆联盟

当前社会读者信息需求的多样化与图书馆资源的有限两者的矛盾越来越大。图书馆需要进行合作来实现资源的互补,这样能实现资源的优化配置,最大限度地发挥各项资源优势,这也是图书馆事业发展的趋势。公共图书馆之间、高校图书馆与公共图书馆、高校图书馆之间构建资源共享机制,能够扩大资源共享,弥补自身资源不足等缺陷,为学校师生及社会公众提供更全面的服务。如,南京的几所大学成立的江宁大学城图书馆联合体能够为该大学城的学生办理通用的借阅证,虽然仅仅是为学生服务,但是已经在区域范围内产生较好的影响。并且,南京市图书馆与南京大学图书馆已经在公共图书馆与高校图书馆之间的合作进行商讨,为资源进一步的共享做出努力。

(四)国家政策的支持

高校图书馆的社会化服务离不开国家的政策支持,对社会化服务的高校图书馆给予政策奖励,能够激励图书馆社会化服务的进程。当图书馆面向社会服务出现管理人员的缺口时,政府可以提供经费及编制帮助,这也能促进高校图书馆面向社会开放的积极性。同时,高校图书馆也要完善自身的管理规章制度,在保证自身教学需要的前提下,对社会公众进行开放服务,对收费、开放时间等作出合理安排,使得图书馆管理工作能够稳定进行。

总结

高校图书馆面向社会提供服务受到多方面因素的影响,既需要学校转变思想观念,也需要国家从法律、政策等方面给予支持。针对我国高校图书馆社会化服务中存在的问题,以及与国外高校图书馆存在的差距,我们需要积极借鉴国外先进的服务模式,结合我国国情,制定符合需求的管理制度,为社会文化需求提供更全面的服务。

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2.Information Management Department , Nanjing Institute of Railway Technology,Nanjing 210000, China)

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Key words: blended learning; learning mode; course design; higher education

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Abstract: With the introduction of distributed cognition theory, distributed learning has aroused widespread concern. The learning environment is considered to be a benefcial factor to promote all cognitive activities, and its construction produces a great impact on learners' learning. So it is essential to build a facilitative learning environment, including setting up accessible learning background and objectives, and evenly allocating products in the technological learning environment, as well as developing the Learning Community. The present study elaborates all aspects of learning environment construction, to the end of exploring full advantages of distributed learning.

Key words: distributed learning; constructivism; distributed cognition; learning environment

Abstract: The construction of Open University on the foundation of Radio and TV University is a trend to meet the needs of the education development in our country. In the course of its more than 30 years of history, the Open University has always highly valued its research development. The present study samples CNKI to poll its research advancements in terms of team development, disciplines, trends, management and commercialization, and fndings reveal that a great number of achievements have been made, covering in-depth an array of subjects and sponsored by a variety of grants. We propose that Open University shall promote its research in such ways as setting up explicit objectives, standardizing management, and exploring internet technology to strengthen team collaboration.

Key words: Open University; orientation of scientifc research ; CNKI

Abstract: Under the New Normal, competition between adult continuing education shcools is getting more regular and virtuous, which requres them to fully explore their own characteristics. Competitiveness analysis is thus of great signifcance to better understand and exploit their advantages. The present study applied economic mathematics matrix model analysis to accurately measuring the schools' features and giving practical guidance to their development.

Key words: The new normal; adult education market; school characteristics; matrix analysis

Abstract: Cooperative Learning is one of the main approaches to both adult learning and distance education. With internet fourishing ,virtual learning community is born to promote learners' communication, as well as adult cooperative learning. This paper frstly analyzes features of virtual learning community and cooperative learning. Then it elaborates role virtual learning community would play in adult cooperative learning. After that, the paper reviews literature in this respect, and summarizes problems in China. Finally, the paper gives suggestions to explore optimum learning strategies to the end of developing virtual learning.

Key words: adult cooperative learning; learning strategies; virtual learning Communities

Abstract: In the study of online education, online learning behaviors of learners and infuence factors of research are two key indexes. In community education research, that centered on community residents is of more theoretical and practical value in that it helps enhance interaction between theory and practice. The present study samples data from Changchun National Learning Network in the last two years, and analyzes the citizens' online learning behaviors from multiple dimensions such as demographic information, learning resources, and invested learning time. The study summarizes their behavioral characteristics and underlying causes. Hopefully, insights of this study would lay theoretical basis for communities to chart their future development.

Key words: community residents; online learning; characteristics; learning analytics

Abstracts: Mapping knowledge domain helps visualize a subject's knowledge and principle. This paper employs instruments like SPSS and so on to analyze co-authorship in periodical papers of education studies, in an endeavor to map knowledge domain for Chinese academia in that area. Results indicate that: (1) there have congregated 10 research teams. (2)The network density and aggregation degree of the author co-citation network concentrate on those 100 mostly highly citedauthors, demonstrating their overlapping research interests and their good interaction. (3) The centrality degree of Zhong Qiquan, Ye Lan and Gu Mingyuan are the highest, indicating their being in the center of the network. (4) Zhong Qiquan, Ye Lan and Zhang Hua are those in the core of the network. Hopefully, researchers in relevant feld would gain insights from this study in approaching Chinese academia research groups' mapping knowledge domain.

Key words: education studies, mapping knowledge domain, academia; author co-citation, social network analysis

Abstract: The education of innovation and business startup in Finland is well known in the world for its close combination of education, skill training and economic developments, which has made great contributions to Finland's social development in higher education, high technology industry and economy. The author participated in a Finland educational investigation tour organized by the Education Bureau of Guangzhou, and visited fve universities and higher vocational colleges in Tempere and Jyvaskylato, which feature innovation and business startups education. The author summarizes principles of their programs as centering on one goal of talent training, implementing dual modal and two phased teaching, creating an optimum environment for the school, research institute and enterprise to cooperate with each other; supporting development of four skills; and forming fve distinct characteristics. The author concludes some insights in developing innovation and business startup education in China. On the one hand, the government shall set up supportive policies and take up facilitative measures;On the other, higher education organizations shall proceed reforms serving the end of building up informationization-oriented patterns and technical platforms, and establishing lifelong learning system for innovation and business startup education in the long term.

Key words: Finland, universities, innovation and business startup education, principles, insights

Abstract: Teacher professional development in primary and secondary schools has attracted much attention now in that there has been both chance and challenge. The present study makes a SWOT analysis of this matter, and reveals that : (1) its advantages lie in economic strength, increasing demand and extroverted and steady personality characterized those teachers. (2)disadvantages lay in teachers' short of innovation awareness and ability, and their inevitable occupation burnout phenomenon. (3) External development opportunities include a variety of national supportive policies, extensive use of Internet in education,as well as channels explored by an array of institutions of society, culture and service. (4) External threats are mainly some people's negative opinion, in addition to contradiction between teachers' families, students' parents and schools. The study proposes that teachers' growth shall be promoted within the frame of collaborative development of education the school, andthe teacher. Strategies to achieve this end include school-basedness, network-orientedness, and valuing teaching practice and refection.

Key words: Primary and secondary school teachers; professional development; SWOT analysis; approaches

Abstract: Nowadays, the mankind has quietly stepped into the era of we media, which has produced profound impact on cultural construction in colleges. When a new culture is emerging at an astonishing speed, it will be quickly consumed fragmentally. while the grass-root stratum is feasting, authority is disappearing in no time. Thus, it is important for the university to adjust its paradigms to the end of furthering its cultural construction. In this regard, it is imperative to innovate the ideology, content, manifestation, and approach.

Key words: we media; cultural construction; paradigm; paradigm shift

Abstract: During the period between 2011 and 2015, the State Language Commission approved more projects on social linguistics than linguistics. This indicates that as a trend, linguistic studies have been getting closer to society. Compared to linguistic ontology research, which focuses on the language per se, social linguistics pays more attention to linguistic use and planning, and covers wider geographic areas and embodies more contents, involving more work. In addition, teams of great number of researchers have emerged.

Key words: State Language Commission; projects, social linguistics; ontology language

Abstract: The present study investigates the degree adverb hou (齁) of northern dialect in terms of its grammatical and semantic features. It is deemed that this word was originally used as a verb, and in metaphorization, it evolved to be an adverb as it is today.

Key words: northern dialect; degree adverb hou; evolution; metaphorization

Abstract: Romantic novels are usually based on real social life, having little to do with abnormalities. In contrast, we found image of ghost and plots of religion such as Buddhism and Taoism frequenting them. Their manifestations and roles vary, constituting important component in the novels. The present study elaborates their presentations and functions, and analyzes their underlying causes.

Key words: romantic novels; ghost; Buddhism and Taoism; causes

Abstract :The dramas written by CaoYu in his early career often bears explicit ethical signifcance in that the dramatist sought to dig out people's motivations and consequences in shaping contradictory personal images. Ethnical narrative critics explore a novel approach to aesthetic and value research. The author interprets those dramas from perspective of ethnical narrative, in an endeavor to reveal ethnical orientation and functional implication underlying the text.

Key words: Cao Yu; Thunderstorm; Fan Yi; Wilderness; Qiu Hu; narrative; ethics

Abstract: Among all the works created by Grenfell, Peach-Blossom Face is the one closest to a traditional text. It was constructed within the framework of revolution + love, which prevailed in China in the 1930s. In describing a revolutionary forerunner's obsession of utopia, the writer paid tribute to those dream-pursuers. The writer's come-back to traditional narrative symbolizes his deviation from avant-garde. Such plots like love-driven revolution, Shangri-la and commonwealth convey people's persistence in seeking for Utopia, and inescapable loneliness underlying the dream. Genfell reviewed that history from a fresh angel, and adopted revolutionary realism to communicate textuality with spirit of the May Fourth era and modernity. This paper attempts to survey the novel from perspective of revolution + love as its narrative instrument, and reveals the underlying empty and lonely sentimentality that the author endeavored to convey in the novel.

Key words: Peach-Blossom Face; revolution; love; loneliness

Abstract: This article endeavors to survey the relationship between humanity and nature in the novel The Top of the Mountains. Inspired by philosophical thinking of humanity-nature harmony, the writer invents two instruments, that is, humanity naturalization and natural personalization to compose a symphony accounting for humble people's fates. Two conficts are marked by the dual variation of humanity and nature, one being between getting-away and coming-back, the other between modernity and ecological awareness.

Key words: Top of Mountains; humanity naturalization; natural personalizaition; getting away and coming back

Abstract: With its innovation, Mobile Internet (MI) has been promoting new-media-based interactive communication,but brand communication will face a new challenge how to explore its overall effectiveness. As a result, integrated brand communication has been constructed on the basis of theories of audience-centeredness and interactive communication, and been adopted as an alternative approach to better serving the shared interests of the brand and audience. The present study analyzes the context in which integrated brand communication has evolved, and elaborates its operation model in respects of its constituents and mechanisms.

Key words: integrated brand communication, new media, brand, shared interests

Abstract: In response to social appeal, some universities have already opened up their libraries to the public in recent years, but little effect has been achieved. However, their counterparts in other countries have done so earlier and achieved satisfactory results. The present study makes a comparison between China and other countries in this practice, and proposes some measures for universities to better serve the public.

Key words: domestic and foreign university; library; social service; comparison

中图分类号:G259

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1672-0385(2016)03-0102-04

*基金项目:广东省图书馆课题“高校图书馆的社会服务研究”(项目编号:GDTK1424)。

收稿日期:2016-05-25

作者简介:蔡洪齐,男,馆员,主要研究方向为图书馆服务及数字图书馆。

Post-MOOCs Era: Development, Characteristics and Insights of SPOCs and SOOCs as Alternative Online Courses

JIANG Shu-hui1&XUE Kun2
(1.President Offce, Nanjing Audit University, Nanjing 211815, China;

Abstract:MOOCs are the production of big data and real-time interaction. In the last two years, they have been very popular in the educational circle, accommodating world-wide students' learning needs . However, at the same time,many problems have arisen. Rob Lue, Director of Harvard edX Center said, “We have been in the post MOOCs era”, and both SPOCs and SOOCs are likely to replace MOOCs as the next generation of massive open online courses. The authors endeavor to sample literature on SPOCs and SOOCs, but only a few are available. The authors analyze their development and characteristics, and put forward a Three-in-One model of MSSCs , which embodies MOOCs, SPOCs and SOOCs and hopefully, would promote online education advancement.

Key words:MOOCs;SPOCs;SOOCs;online courses

Research on Designing Blended-Learning-Based Higher Education Courses—Case Study of Distance Education

GAO Juan
(College of Education Science, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, China)

Research on Designing E-Schoolbag-Based Platform of Cloud Classroom

ZHANG Le-le1&Wang Yu2
(1.Kangda College, Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang 222000,China;2. Lianyungang Normal College,Lianyungang 222000,China)

Study of Constructing Distributed Learning Environment

LI Zhuo-ying
(Lifelong Education and Learning Research Center, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China)

Study of Open University Construction from Perspective of Research Development——Analysis of CNKI Data

WANG Qing-lian
(Lifelong Education Research Center, Changzhou Open University, Changzhou 213001, China)

Applying Matrix Model to Measuring Adult Education Schools' Competitiveness in New Normal——Case Study of Adult Continuing Education Development in Guangdong Province

LIAO Yuan-bing
(Heyuan Polytechnic Heyuan, Heyuan 517000, China)

Adult Cooperative Learning Strategies Based on Virtual Learning Communities

LUO Xuan
(Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China)

Study of Community Residents' Online Learning Behavior : Case Study of Changchun National learning Network

ZHANG Hao-ran1& WEI Shun-ping2
(1. Changchun Radio and Television University, Changchun 130051;2. The Open University of China, Beijing 100039)

Study of Chinese Academia's Mapping Knowledge Domain

CHEN Yu-lin
(School of Education, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015)

Characteristics and Insights of Innovation and Business Startup Education in Finland

HUANG An-xin
( Guangzhou Open University, Guangzhou, 510091)

Approaching Teacher Professional Development in Primary and Middle Schools: A SWOT Analysis

TAN Fu-yuan
(College of Vocation and Adult Education, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165 )

Paradigm Adjustment for College Cultural Construction in We-Media Era

ZHANG Mei-hua
(Department of Theory, Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou, 510520, China)

Study of Projects Approved by State Language Commission in 2011-2015

ZHI Hui
(Literature College, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830000)

Research on Evolution of hou(齁) as Degree Adverb in Northern Dialect

LI Jin-ping
(Literature College, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025)

Analysis of Ghost Image and Religious Plot in Romantic Novels

XU Lin
(College of Liberal Arts, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830017,China)

Boat Staggering across River: Narrative Ethics in Cao Yu's Early Drama

ZHANG Liang
(College of Arts, Nankai university, Tianjin 300071)

Reinterpreting Motif of Revolution + love——Case study of Grenfell's Peach-Blossom Face

CAO Lin
(Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830000)

Dual Variation of Humanity and Nature: The Top of Mountains

WEI Bin
(Literature College, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070)

Study of Integrated Brand Communication in New Media Era

ZHANG Xin-he
(Guangzhou Open University, Guangzhou 510091,China)

A comparative Study on Opening up University Libraries between China and Other Countries

CAI Hongqi
(Guangzhou Institute of Railway Technology, Guangzhou 510430, China)

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