细节定位精准查找
——细节理解题的解题技巧

文/钱婉丽

细节定位精准查找
——细节理解题的解题技巧

文/钱婉丽

细节理解题主要考查考生对文章中的细节与具体事实的把握能力，内容常涉及具体事实、原因和结果等，属于阅读理解中的基础层次题。这类题的解题技巧为：一是根据题干合理运用略读、扫读、跳读等技法快速阅读全文，定位细节信息点；二是遵循由整体到细节的原则，把握作者的思路，按全文——段落——词语的步骤来解题；三是根据设问内容，再根据文章内容和所给选项的比较，排除干扰项，找到正确答案。

一、细节理解题中常见的设问方式

1.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage？

2.Which of the following is mentioned in the passage？/The passage doesn't mention.

3.According to the passage，when（where，why，how，who）...？

4.The author mentions all of the following EXCEPT...

5.What is the example of...as described in the passage？

根据题干设置的情况分为两类:直接理解题和间接理解题。直接理解题的题干和正确选项的表述基本与原文一致；间接理解题在设题上，题干与正确选项往往为文中材料的同义词或同义句转换。如:

【中考真题1】（2015年杭州卷，保留原题号）For shy people，it can be difficult to make friends，speak in class，and even get a good job.But scientists say you can get over your shyness.They suggest trying new things and practicing conversation. And don't forget if you are shy，you are not the only one.

54.Scientists suggest that shy people can get over their shyness by.

A.blaming their failure on outside reasons

B.trying new things and practicing conversation

C.getting themselves away from their shy parents

D.trying to understand reasons for their shyness

解析：题设中的关键词scientists，suggest，get over their shyness和正确选项trying new things and practicing conversation均在文中可以直接找到，属于直接理解题。答案为B。

【中考真题2】（2015年杭州卷，保留原题号）Teenager Jake Denham was a skiing（滑雪）with his family in the USA when he fell over and lost one of his skis.His family didn't know that he had a problem.They kept on skiing.When they got to the foot o f the mountain，there was no sign o f Jake.

45.Jake's parents didn't know that he was missing until_____.

A.they reached the foot of the mountain

B.they began to ski down the mountain

C.a team of workers found Jake

D.Jake lost one of his skis

解析：此题为间接理解题，信息点设置在这一段的最后一句话，但命题方式在题干和正确选项的表述上均有变化。题干中he was missing为文中there was no sign of Jake的同义表达，而文中when they got to the foot of the mountain在正确选项A中变成了：（until）they reached the foot of the mountain。中考试题中间接理解题的比例越来越高，在平时的学习中，我们应该多注意同义表述的积累。

二、细节理解题中常见的命题点

把握好细节理解题中常见的命题点，我们在寻找阅读理解题的答案时就会少一些周折。那么，细节理解题的常见命题点有哪些呢？

1.信息列举处。文章若出现多个并列内容，常是命题者设置问题之处。

【中考真题3】（2015年温州卷，保留原题号）More and more people may start to consider owning a smart home，because it makes life much more convenient.It can help keep your room at a certain temperature.It can record what happens inside the home and send the video to your phone.When you are on vacation abroad，you can use a smart home controller to switch on or o ff the electricity when necessary. Some smart homes can receive a visitor，allowing him to come in and offering him a d rink.They can even feed the cat and water the plants.

39.Which of the following is TRUE about a smart home according to the passage？

A.Smart homes can't help feed pets nowadays.

B.Smart homes cost a lot of money at present.

C.You can't control your smart home in other countries.

D.It's hard for hackers to get in formation from smart homes.

解析：文中列举了一系列智能家居给生活所带来的便利，命题者针对这一列举信息，设置了A、C、D三个干扰项，且均为与原文意义相反的说法。答案为B（B项的答题依据省略）。

2.举例与打比方之处。文中举例或打比方的内容也是细节理解题的常见命题点，所以我们要多留意对引出例子或比喻的标志词，如as，such as，for example，for instance等。

【中考真题4】（2015年南宁卷，保留原题号）Time management is the greatest challenge for me in high school.I have to take good care of my subjects，activities，social life and rest.I was often angry with my family members just because I didn't plan my time we ll.For example，I might shout at them for troubling me when I was working.And sometimes I might say something bad to them when I missed dead lines，even if it was actually my fault for cramming every thing in（把所有的事情堆积起来）at the last minute.

61.Why was the writer angry with the family members？

A.The writer was weak in subjects.

B.The writer didn't plan the time well.

C.The writer had no chance to plan activities.

D.The writer's social life was boring.

解析：文中用for example引出两个具体事例，来证明作者生家里人的气，常常是因为自己没有很好地计划自己的时间。答案为B。

3.指示代词出现处。指示代词的指代内容可以较好地反映考生对细节和上下文语义逻辑的理解。

【中考真题5】（2015年天津卷，保留原题号）Vanuatu is an island nation in the South Pacific.It is one o f the smallest countries in the world.But for those who are interested in adventure and sport，there is a lot to do.Vanuatu's islands offer visitors two of the most exciting and dangerous activities in the world:volcano（火山）surfing and land diving.

61.In Line 2，what does the word“those”mean？

A.People.B.Animals.C.Activities.D.Islands.

解析：根据句意“但对于那些对冒险和运动有兴趣的人们来说，有很多事情可以做”，可知，此处的those指的是people（人们）。答案为A。

4.特殊标点符号后的内容。表示同位语的逗号，表示解释的破折号、括号和冒号，以及表示引用的引号等，是常见的命题点。因为特殊标点符号后的内容，往往是对前面内容的解释或说明。阅读时多留意并领悟这些标点的作用，其后的细节内容就不难理解了。

【中考真题6】（2015年宁波卷，保留原题号）Patrick Johnson，an artist for The Washing ton Post，found some treasure in his new house-35，000 dollars in a place where no one could see it.Although he had car and house payments（贷款）in his head，he still decided to return all o f the money to the previous（先前的）owner of the house，Mr.William s.Would you have done the same？

34.Patrick decided to return the money to_____.

A.his wife B.the bank C.their sons D.M r.Williams

解析：文中归还钱款的对象为the previous owner of the house，Mr.Williams，这一表达中的逗号为同位语的标志。如果能留意到这一点，找到答案M r.Williams就很容易了。

5.数字方面的问题。命题者常会就文中所出现的数字设置问题，如年龄、大小、价格、年份、数量等。我们需找出相关事实细节及对应的情况，经过分析、对比、计算后才能得出正确答案。

【中考真题7】（2015年黄冈卷，保留原题号）This year's com petition will be held on August 24.Sign-ups（报名注册）are still being accepted for five dollars per person or two dollars for children 12 and under.Once a ll the day's phones have been thrown，they are taken to a recycling center.

66.A child at the age of ten must pay dollars for the sign-up.

A.0 B.2 C.5 D.6

解析：第二句提到了报名费用为每人5美元，12岁及以下的孩子报名费用每人2美元。所以10岁的孩子报名得付2美元，因此答案选B。

三、细节理解题解题技巧的其他注意点

1.仔细阅读题干，快速定位信息范围；

2.把握好主题与事实细节的关系，明确主题可以帮助自己更有效地判断细节的正误；

3.事实细节不可能是孤立的，所以必须联系前后文理解语义、判断逻辑（因果、条件、类比、时间空间等）；

4.把握好文章整体结构，弄明白细节的服务对象，避免张冠李戴的情况发生；

5.阅读理解是在文本基础上理解并回答问题，切忌自我发挥或凭经验、感觉答题；

6.正确理解句中代词的指代关系。

7.对于问题选项中表绝对意义的词应该仔细推敲，以免掉入命题陷阱。如:first（第一），least（最不），always（总是），never（永不），all（所有），none（一个也不），any（任何）和表示唯一性的词汇only（只有），just（仅仅）等。

8.文章中的数字、日期、时间既是设题的重点，也是我们在阅读时快速扫读定位信息的好帮手，应当引起重视。因为题设中很少是文章中已出现的数字或日期，所以需根据命题要求做适当的数字运算。