英汉名词不大同 复数和格尤注重

2016-05-30 03:37江节明
广东教育·高中 2016年10期
关键词:所有格单数复数

江节明

英汉两种语言里都有名词。最大的不同点在于英语里的名词在表示复数和所有格时,词形要发生变化,而汉语则不会出现这种现象。例如,汉语里说“一本书”和“五本书”,这个“书”字没有变化,而英语里的book却发生了词形变化:a book,five books。汉语里的所属关系是通过助词“的”来表示,词形也同样不会变化,而英语里名词的词形却要变化,即一般在名词后加“s”表示。了解名词的这些特点,我们在平时学习和运用英语时就要格外注意名词的复数和所有格的用法。

一、名词的分类

英语的名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。专有名词表示个人、机构、组织、地方、国家等的专有名称,首字母一般大写,如:Obama, the Youth League, the Childrens Palace, Beijing, China, Asia等。普通名词的分类见表1:

二、可数名词及其单复数

名词分为可数(有单、复数形式)和不可数名词(只有单数形式)。名词由单数变为复数有两种情况:规则变化和不规则变化。

1. 名词复数的规则变化(见表2)

2. 名词复数的不规则变化(见表3)

注:

①表示年代中的数词的复数形式,加-s或-s。如the 1980s或1980s二十世纪八十年代

②英语中有些名词通常用其复数形式,如glasses眼镜,trousers裤子,shorts短裤,jeans牛仔裤,scissors剪刀,compasses圆规,socks袜子,stockings长统袜,gloves手套,findings调查结果,arms武器,ashes灰烬,contents目录,congratulations祝贺,thanks感谢,fireworks焰火,remains残余部分,clothes衣服, stairs楼梯,goods货物,crossroads十字路口,exports出口货物,folks家人。

三、不可数名词

物质名词和抽象名词通常为不可数名词。

1. 不可数名词的用法特点。

(1)没有复数形式。如:

I have just had some bread.我刚吃了一些面包。

(2)前面不能用不定冠词。如:

I like music.我喜欢音乐。

(3)前面不能用数词或few, many, a number of修饰,但可用little, much, some, a lot of, a great deal of修饰。如:

She has a lot of power and influenc.她很有权势。

(4)作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数。如:

Physics is a difficult subject for me.特理学对我来说是一门难学的科目。

(5)表示数量时,可借助单位词,用a piece of之类的结构来表达。如:

a piece of news 一条新闻

three pieces of bread三块面包

two glass of milk两杯牛奶

2. 有些物质名词可用复数形式,但意义不同。如:

3. 有些抽象名词可用作个体名词,但意义不同。如:

4. 英语里有不少同义成对名词,一个可数,另一个不可数。如:

四、名词所有格

1. 名词所有格的构成

名词所有格表示所有关系,一般由“名词+s”构成。-s词尾的加法有以下几种情况:

2. 名词所有格的用法

(1)有生命的名词的所有格通常用s来表示,但表示时间、距离、金额、天体、国家或城市等的名词也用s表示。如:

tomorrows lessons明天的功课

a few hours ride骑车几个小时的路程

the earths atmosphere地球大气层

Harvards Department of Linguistics哈佛大学语言学系

(2)无生命的物的名词所有格,一般用of表示,但表示人的名词有时也用of表示,尤其是较长的名词时。如:

the cover of the book那本书的封面

a mans voice=the voice of a man人的声音

in the opinion of most people在大多数人看来

注意:

①名词所有格在表示商店、家宅等地点或学院、教堂名称时,名词常省略。如:

at the doctors(office)在医院

at the barbers(shop)在理发店

at the grocers(shop)在食品店

at my uncles(home)在我叔叔家

at the tailors(shop)在裁缝店

at Lucys(home)在露希家

St. Pauls(Cathedral)圣保罗大教堂

Queens(College)女王学院

②复数名词所有格作定语时,有时可以省略撇号:“”。如:

a teachers (=teachers) college师范学院。

③表示节日的名称。

Valentines Day 情人节 April Fools Day愚人节

Womens Day 妇女节 Childrens Day 儿童节

Mothers Day 母亲节 Fathers Day父亲节

Teachers Day 教师节 New Years Day元旦

④双重所有格

of+-s结构叫作双重所有格,如a friend of my uncles(我叔叔的一个朋友)中的of my uncles,表示部分;that large house of Mr. Browns布朗先生的那栋大房子,表示感情色彩。

注意:双重所有格与of所有格在含义上是不同的。试比较以下两句:

He is a friend of my fathers. 他是我父亲的一个朋友。

(相当于He is one of my fathers friends. 强调我父亲的朋友不止一个)

He is a friend of my father. 他是我父亲的朋友。

(相当于He is friendly to my father. 强调他对我父亲很友好)

五、名词的用法

1. 作主语。

The book is interesting.这本书很有趣。

2. 作宾语。

I bought a book yesterday.我昨天买了一本书。

3. 作表语。

This is a book.这是一本书。

4. 作补语。

We call the activity hiking.我们把这种活动叫做徒步旅行。

5. 作同位语。

Peter, my English teacher, is kind to us.彼特,我的英语老师,对我们很友善。

6. 作定语。

He works in a car factory.他在一家汽车厂工作。

注:

(1)有时,名词所有格与名词作定语无区别。试比较:

(2)英语里名词作定语非常普遍。如:

coffee cup咖啡杯 orange juice橘汁

eye drops眼药水 credit card信用卡

information desk 问讯处 identity card身份证

family name姓 news agency新闻社

school report成绩单 seat belt安全带

heart disease心脏病 colour screen彩屏

cell phone手机 shoe store鞋店

time table时刻表 emergency room急诊室

gold medal 金牌 time zone时区

press conference记者招待会 power plant发电厂

weather forecast天气预报 welcome speech欢迎词

video camera 录像机 satellite TV卫星电视

telephone directory电话号码簿

以上名词作定语用的都是单数形式,而且很多已变成了复合名词。只有少数名词作定语需要用复数。例如:

sports meet运动会 courses committee课程委员会

goods train(火车)货车 entertainments guide娱乐指南

clothes shop服装店 telecommunications industry电信业

知识运用

一、写出下列名词的复数形式。

1. month ________ 2. photo ________ 3. leaf ________

4. tomato ________ 5. toy 6. analysis _______

7. box 8. study ________ 9. watch ________

10. belief ________

二、翻译下列短语。

1. 女士们,先生们 ______________________

2. 十四个德国人 ______________________

3. 一则忠告 ______________________

4. 一碗米饭 ______________________

5. 一瓶牛奶 ______________________

6. 一件家具 ______________________

7. 一块蛋糕 ______________________

8. 在理发店 ______________________

9. 儿童节 ______________________

10. 身份证 ______________________

三、用名词的正确形式填空。

1. __________(fail)is the mother of success.

2. __________(honest)is the best policy.

3. Today is __________(teacher)Day. Lets go and say hello to our former English teacher.

4. I checked __________(Bob and Mary)car carefully, and found there was nothing wrong.

5. The __________(roof)of the buildings in this seaside town were blown away in the hurricane.

6. I know five __________(woman writer)who are now writing stories for children.

7. Our school is only a five __________(minute)walk from the nearest subway.

8. They saw a group of __________(sheep)eating grass on the top of the hill.

9. The tank is full of__________(fish), which are swimming freely.

10. All scientists accept this __________(datum).

四、用适当的名词填空,注意其正确的形式。

The late pop star Michael Jacksons mother Katherine said that __________(Michael) children will go to school for the first t__________, according to news r__________ on Tuesday.

__________(Michael)mother says that his __________ (child)will attend a private school starting in S__________ this year.

She broke her yearlong silence about her __________ (grandchild)education issue, but did not reveal which school they will attend, according to the n__________.

She has been taking c__________ of MJs three children since the pop singers d__________

last June.

五、短文改错(文中有10处名词用错,请更正)。

The plane was late and detectives were waiting at the airport all mornings. They were expecting a valuable parcel of diamond from South Africa. A few hours earlier, someone had told the polices that thiefs would try to steal the diamonds. When the plane arrived, some of the detective were waiting inside the main building while others were waiting on the airfield. Two man took the parcel off the plane and carried it into the Custom House. While two detectives were keeping guards at the door, two others opened the parcel. To their surprises, the precious parcel was full of stones and sand!

1. ________________ 2. ________________

3. ________________ 4. ________________

5. ________________ 6. ________________

7. ________________ 8. ________________

9. ________________ 10. ________________

六、汉译英。

1. 一年分为四季:春夏秋冬。(season)

___________________________________________

2. 中国的艺术赢得了国外很多人的欣赏。(appreciation)

___________________________________________

3. 在上下班高峰时刻坐公交车真是浪费时间。(waste, rush hour)

___________________________________________

4. 你没有必要送我去火车站,我可以打的去。(need, taxi)

___________________________________________

5. 艾滋病的控制与预防对中国以及整个世界都是一个挑战。(control, prevention, challenge)

___________________________________________

七、书面表达。

写8-10句话简介自己,内容包括姓名、出生年月、家庭成员、上学情况、所学学科以及兴趣爱好等。(注意名词的单复数、专有名词的大写等)

参考答案:

一、1. months 2. photos 3. leaves 4. tomatoes 5. toys 6. analyses 7. boxes 8. studies 9. watches 10. beliefs

二、1. ladies and gentlemen 2. fourteen Germans 3. a piece of advice 4. a bowl of rice 5. a bottle of milk 6. a piece of furniture 7. a slice(piece)of cake 8. at the barbers(shop) 9. Childrens Day 10. identity card

三、1. Failure 2. Honesty 3. Teachers4. Bob and Marys 5. roofs 6. women writers 7. minutes 8. sheep 9. fish 10. data

四、1. Michaels 2. time 3. reports 4. Michaels 5. children 6. September 7. grandchildrens 8. newspaper(news) 9. care 10. death

五、1. morning 2. diamonds 3. hours 4. police 5. thieves 6. detectives 7. men 8. Customs 9. guard 10. surprise

六、1. A year is divided into four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter.

2. Chinese arts have won the appreciation of a lot of people outside China.

3. It is a waste of time taking a bus during the rush hour.

4. There is no need for you to send me to the railway station. I can take a taxi there.

5. AIDS control and prevention is a challenge to China as well as the whole world.

七、My name is Wang Hua. I was born in Beijing on July 22, 1998. There are three people in my family. They are my father, my mother and me. I study in Beijing No. 19 Middle School. At school I study Chinese, maths, physics, chemistry, English and some other subjects. My favourite subject is physics and I am going to be a physicist when I grow up. My hobbies are playing computer games and mountain climbing. In my spare time, I often do these games and sports.

责任编辑 蒋小青

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