细节决定成败

籍万杰

细节理解题是阅读理解中的基础题，占据阅读理解题目的半壁江山。解答好细节题是取得好成绩的关键。下面分类讲解细节理解题的解题技巧。

[直接信息题]

如果考查的是直接信息，同学们可以首先从题干中找到关键词（一般为名词、动词等实词），然后以关键词为定位信息，快速在原文中搜索，找到相关信息作答。

例1 （2017·全国卷I） 21. Where can you buy a souvenir at Pacific Science Center？

A. In Building 1.

B. In Building 3.

C. At the Laser Dome

D. At the Denny Way entrance.

解析 B。題干中的souvenir是关键词，提问的是地点（where）。快速搜索后在文章的第一段中找到该关键词：

Dont forget to stop by Pacific Science Centers Store while you are here to pick up a wonderful science activity or souvenir to remember your visit. The store is located（位于） upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laser Dome.

纪念品在Building 3的商店里可以买到。

例2 （2017·浙江卷） 28. Why does Cojochru have to take a language test？

A. To continue to stay in Italy.

B. To teach her children Italian.

C. To find a better job in Italy.

D. To better mix with the Italians.

解析 A。题干中的a language test是关键词，提问的是原因（why）。关键词在文章的第一段：

FLORENCE， Italy—Svetlana Cojochru feels hurt. The Moldovan has lived here seven years as a caregiver to Italian kids and elderly， but in order to stay shes had to prove her language skills by taking a test which requires her to write a postcard to an imaginary friend and answer a fictional job ad.

原文中in order to后面的内容回答了why does Cojochru have to take a language test这一问题。为了留在意大利，Cojochru才不得不参加语言测试。

[间接信息题]

有些题目不能直接从某一句得出答案，同学们需要对原文信息进行综合梳理，然后再进一步推理或鉴别。这是介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型，对同学们来说有一定难度。

例3 （2017·北京卷） 57. Why does Paris say she was lucky？

A. She made a worthy friend.

B. She recovered from shock.

C. She received immediate CPR.

D. She came back on the softball team.

解析 C。原文第7段提到“I know I was really lucky，” Paris says now. Most people dont survive this. My team saved my life。Paris说自己很幸运，大部分人在这种情况下不会幸存下来，是她的团队救了她的命。结合第3段Paris had suffered a sudden heart failure. Without immediate medical care， Paris would die. “Does anyone know CPR？”，第5段 ... Taylor had just taken a CPR course the day before ... But when no one else came forward， Taylor ran to Paris and began doing CPR ...，以及倒数第2段Experts say Paris is right： For a sudden heart failure， the single best chance for survival is having someone nearby step in and do CPR quickly可知，Paris能够活下来是因为她得到了及时的心肺复苏（CPR）救治。

[数字计算题]

此类题目要求同学们能根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据，通过计算得出正确结论。这类计算一般来说比较简单，关键是要弄清各数据间的逻辑关系，选准比较的数据，弄清单位换算关系，确定计算方法。

例4 （2012·福建卷） 64. On the monthly basis of 100 minutes， the Jitterbug weekly rate is about ______.endprint

A. $3.75 B. $4.99

C. $14.99 D. $19.99

解析 B。请看原文表格：

[Monthly Minutes 50 100 Monthly Rate $14.99 S19.99 911 Access FREE FREE Long Distance Calls No additional charge No additional charge Friendly Return Policy 30 days 30 days ]

表格顯示每个月100分钟的花费是19.99美元，所以每周的花费是4.99美元。解答本题的关键是看清原文的Monthly Rate和题干中的weekly rate的区别，然后通过计算得出正确答案为B。

例5 （2012·江西卷） 67. A volunteer is usually expected to work within a year for at least ________.

A. 24 hours B. 36 hours

C. 48 hours D. 72 hours

解析 B。相关计算信息可以从原文第3段中找到：A Big Sister and Little Sister will generally spend between one and four hours together three or four times each month for at least twelve months.

由该部分信息可知，志愿者每次工作1至4小时，每月至少工作3到4次，并且至少工作12个月，由此可计算出志愿者每年至少工作36个小时（1×3×12=36）。

[排列顺序题]

该题型要求同学们根据材料对若干个事实按一定的逻辑顺序排列组合。此类试题介于细节理解和逻辑推理题之间，多出现在体裁为记叙文或说明文的阅读理解中。解答此类试题可使用“比较法”，即先比较四个答案的异同，从而找到突破口。也可使用“排除法”，即先找两头——最先发生和最后发生的事情，将不符合要求的选项排除，从而逐步缩小范围，直至得出答案，这样也可以大大提高解题速度。

例6 （2011·山东卷） 73. Which of the following shows the path of the signals described in Para. 5？

A. scalp→computer→cap→wheelchair

B. computer→cap→scalp→wheelchair

C. scalp→cap→computer→wheelchair

D. cap→computer→scalp→wheelchair

解析 C。排列顺序题。请看原文第5段：

The researchers designed a special cap for the user. This head cover picks up the signals from the scalp（头皮） and sends them to a computer. The computer interprets the signals and commands the motorized wheelchair. The wheelchair also has two cameras that identify objects in its path. They help the computer react to commands from the brain.

由第五段可知，信号从the scalp发出，然后被a special cap接收，接着传到了a computer，然后传到轮椅，由此可知C项正确。

[判断正误题]

判断正误题主要考查同学们确认文章涉及的事实之间的关系和对文章细节的语义理解能力。这类题需要同学们掌握文中的信息，对列出的选项作出判断。这种题目通常包括两种形式：一类题目提问方式是Which of the following is not true/ right/ mentioned？ 也就是“3正1误”，通常可以使用排除法，挑出其中与文章不符的一项即可；另一类题目提问方式是：Which of the following is true/right？ 也就是“3误1正”，通常对每个细节都要回到原文不同的段落去验证真伪。

解判断正误题时要理解文章大意，找出段落之间的逻辑关系，把握文中提及的基本事实，注意文章事实和选项描述的异同，排除与原文矛盾的选项。

例7 （2015·福建卷） 59. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage？

A. The chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition is beer or port wine.

B. More than 10，000 Chinese take part in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.

C. Thousands of spicy foods are on show in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.

D. An exciting tomato battle takes place at the beginning of La Tomatina.endprint

解析 C。该题属于“3误1正”，选择表述正确的选项。内容涉及原文多个段落。请看原文：

Food festivals around the world

Stilton Cheese Rolling

May Day is a traditional day for celebrations， but the 2，000 English villagers of Stilton must be the only people in the world who include cheese rolling in their annual plans. Teams of four， dressed in a variety of strange and funny clothes， roll a complete cheese along a 50-metre course. On the way， they must not kick or throw their cheese， or go into their competitors lane（赛道）. Competition is fierce and the chief prize is a complete Stilton cheese weighing about four kilos （disappointingly， but understandably the cheeses used in the race are wooden ones）. All the competitors are served with beer or port wine， the traditional accompaniment for Stilton cheese.

Fiery Foods Festival

—The Hottest Festival on Earth

Every year more than 10，000 people head for the city of Albuquerque， New Mexico. They come from as far away as Australia， the Caribbean and China， but they all share a common addiction—food that is not just spicy（辛辣）， but hot enough to make your mouth burn， your head spin and your eyes water. Their destination is the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival which is held over a period of three days every March. You might like to try a chocolate-covered habanero pepper—officially the hottest pepper in the world—or any one of the thousands of products that are on show. But one things for sure—if you dont like the feeling of a burning tongue， this festival isnt for you！

La Tomatina

—The Worlds Biggest Food Fight

On the last Wednesday of every August， the Spanish town of Bunol hosts La Tomatina—the worlds largest food fight. A week-long celebration leads up to an exciting tomato battle as the highlight of the weeks events. The early morning sees the arrival of large trucks with tomatoes—official fight-starters get things going by casting tomatoes at the crowd.

The battle lasts little more than half an hour， in which time around 50，000 kilograms of tomatoes have been thrown at anyone or anything that moves， runs， or fights back. Then everyone heads down to the river to make friends again—and for a much-needed wash！

由第1段中的the chief prize is a complete Stilton cheese可知A項错误；由第2段中的Every year more than 10，000 people head for ... They come from as far away as Australia ...可知B项中的Chinese错误；由第二段中的... or any one of the thousands of products that are on show.可知C项正确；由第3段中的an exciting tomato battle as the highlight of the weeks events可知D项中的at the beginning of错误。本题正确答案为C。endprint