转述与评论性写作

2018-06-11 10:30聂龙
科教导刊·电子版 2018年10期
关键词:信源

聂龙

摘 要 本论文从转述角度探讨如何提高写作评论性写作能力,研究表明评论性写作中信源明示与否以及转述词语的选择和作者立场与论述的说服力密切相关。

关键词 转述 评论性写作 信源

0引言

对英语非母语的学生而言,转述(reporting)在阅读和写作中是很难以有效解决的问题(Adams Smith 1984; Davies 1988; Hedge 1988)。TEM4,TEM8(2016版)考試改革,写作方面推出新题型即材料作文写作,写作更注重考查学生的批判性思维写作能力,通过总结、评论对立的立场,提出自己的观点。正确有效的转述对写好评论性短文有着重要的意义。

1信源

信源可以分为作者本人和他人;有名有姓的人和无名无姓之群体;人和语篇组织词(Stubbs 1996:150; Hunston 2000: 190; Wickens 2000)。说话人是谁以及以什么样的身份充当信源影响命题的状态(status) (Hunston 2011: 34)。

2转述词语

转述词语中,引述动词在学术语篇和学生的学术写作中的功能更为明显,一方面可以表达被引述者的观点立场,是中立、肯定的或否定的观点;另一方面它还向读者转达引述者在广泛阅读文献资料的基础上能够理解、分析、综合文献内容,以创造性的方式表示赞同、反驳或提出质疑,从侧面反映出引述者的观点立场和对问题的思考。

3立场

3.1信源的明示性与立场功能

通过信源的选择,作者可以表达对命题的态度,比如通过第一人称的使用表达作者明确的立场、句1明确表达了作者“I”对命题“ it is the only information we have to offer you.”的担忧。“I”既是作者也是命题的唯一信源。

(1)I am afraid it is the only information we have to offer you.

第一人称作主语的结构是表达说说话人或作者立场的最明显的表达方式(Biber 2006)。在这种结构中含有表立场动词(stance verb),如例(2)的believe,或立场形容词,如(1)的afraid和(3)certain:

(2)I believe it was the universal feeling among us.

(3)I was pretty certain that he could have heard nothing of our whispers ….

上述3例的信源都是第一人称,是明示的信源。学术写作中的立场为了客观性,评价大多间接表达(Hyland and Guinda 2012)。

还有没有明示的信源的一种结构,在系统功能语言学中被称作“事实类投射现象” (Halliday 2008:470)。例如:

(4)This is attested by the fact that they place food in the grave,and that any family not complying with this rite is the object of the anger of the priest

3.2转述词语的立场功能

作者立场不仅通过选择不同的信源也可以同时通过选择转述词语实现。Thompson和Ye(1991)把转述动词表达的评价分为三个方面:作者立场(writers Stance),被转述作者立场(authors Stance);作者的解释(writers interpretation)。作者立场:

事实性:如acknowledge, bring out, demonstrate.

反事实性:betray [ignorance), confuse, disregard,ignore, misuse.

非事实性:advance, believe, claim, examine,generalize, propose.

被引述作者立场:

积极:accept, emphasize, hypothesize, invoke, note, point out,posit,

消极:attack, challenge, dismiss, dispute, diverge from, object to.

中性:assess, examine, evaluate,focus on, pose, quote

4分析及运用

语篇5是一份八级考试样本中写作任务的部分材料(为分析方便,加以编号),要求根据该材料写出摘要并加以评论。材料由两部分构成:第一部分是大学对在线教育的观点,第二部分是部分学生对在线教育的看法。为节省篇幅,只提供部分文字材料。

(5)Universities

豍The University of Washington (UW) in the US isn't shy about the benefits and drawbacks of online education .

豎UW concedes online education may be more effective for self-directed learners, and students who are not organized and in possession of .…

Students

③Jasmine Barta of Arizona State University: I take about half my classes online each semester,and Ill tell you why: Online classes are the secret to a happier….

④Some students complain about the lack of social interaction and the ease with which they forget to meet a deadline.But for me these concerns fall f….

4.1 積极立场

4.1.1赞同原文立场

(6)Just as emphasized/demonstrated by UW, despite the effectiveness of online education for autonomous learning, students lacking …

表积极立场的转述动词有:acknowledge, bring out, demonstrate, identify,improve, notice, prove, recognize等.

4.1.2作者的明示的认同的立场

(7)I lend full support to UWs position that despite the effectiveness of online education for autonomous learning, students lacking…

(8)In my opinion, UWs worries concerning online education makes some sense.

4.2 中立立场

有些转述词语可以表达引述作者的中立立场,并使作者退居幕后:

(9)According to UW, despite the effectiveness of online education for autonomous learning, students lacking …

表中立的转述动词:

describe,show,reveal,study,note等。

4.3 消极立场

表反对或消极的转述动词有:betray (ignorance), confuse, disregard,ignore, misuse等。中性转述词加上一些副词也可表达消极立场,如naively claim, wrongly point out…。

假如作者对Jasmine Barta of Arizona State University的观点持怀疑态度,可以这样表达:

(9)Jasmine Barta seems to overemphasize …

或:

(10)Jasmine Bartas view that online courses fit her well although they are unsuitable to some other students disregards their potential effect ….

5结论

评论性写作离不开转述手段的使用,信源明示与否以及转述词语的选择和作者立场和对被转述内容的理解密切相关。成熟的作者往往能在引用他人观点的同时表达自己的立场态度。

基金项目:本课题由浙江省教育厅项目资助(编号:Y201737001),以及全国高校外语教学科研项目资助(编号:2017ZJ0020B)。

参考文献

[1] Adams Smith,D.E.Medical discourse: Aspects of author's comment[J].1984(03):25-36.

[2] Biber,D.et.al.Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English [M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1999

[3] Biber, D. Stance in spoken and written university registers[J]. Journal of English for Academic Purposes,2006(05):97-116.

[4] Bruce,N.J.The roles of analysis and the conceptual matrix in a process approach to teaching academic study and communication skills[C]. in V. Bickley (ed.): Language Teaching and Learning Styles within and across Cultures. Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education, Hong Kong Education Department,1989.

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