不同类型的应用文写作指南

2023-06-22 00:26邱惠莹
语数外学习·高中版上旬 2023年3期
关键词:信件应用文书信

邱惠莹

高考英语试题的写作部分是对学生语言运用能力和思维品质的综合考查,也是学生知识能力水平的集中体现。因此写出通顺流畅且富有思想性的短文一直是英语学习者的追求。

应用文写作是书面表达的主要考查形式之一,几十年来题材和类型都在发生变化。命题方式曾经采用过图画、漫画、图表等,但大多以文字提示为主。题材范围广泛,涉及对外交流合作、参加各类活动、介绍传统艺术、介绍人物风景、畅谈理想愿望等。纵观十多年来的话题,其发展趋势呈现出以下特点:以往的内容单纯介绍国内情况或国外经历,近几年侧重展示中国的传统艺术和交往礼仪;注重文化融合,凸显中国元素,增加文化自信,提倡家国情怀。

近几年,应用文的类型也更加灵活多样,由写信或发邮件转换到通讯报道或书面通知,逐步摒弃了非正式的日记笔体和口头通知。而且最常见的书信也是在规定主题线索的前提下,适当增加开放性,让学生发挥创造性思维,展示自身的特色和观点。概括来说,应用文的类型可分为通知、报道、演讲和书信四类,其中书信还可以按意图进一步划分,如邀请约定、应聘申请、致谢致歉、求助建议等。

下面以近几年高考的应用文题型为例,对几种类型做一些深入的探讨和写作上的指导。

一、报告报道类

图表类调查报告曾是一种常见的应用文体,重点考查数据的表达方式、时态以及人称的转换等。近几年新增了通讯报道,类似于描述图画展示的故事或记日记,时态以一般过去时为主。但通讯报道要做到语言简练、叙述完整并适当加以评价,避免使用第一人称。这两种文体都对句式要求严格,还应注意词语之间的搭配和整篇文章的流畅性。其行文格式作如下归纳:

第一段点明事件或活动及其目的宗旨,如:Toraise the awareness of..,...held/ started a(n)…,whichmade...

第二段是短文的主体,先指出事件发生的时间地点和参与人员,再叙述活动的具体实施过程以及过程中出现的问题和解决方案,最后说明事情的结果或收获。写作过程中要注意描述详略得当,突出人物的特点或事件的高潮,适当运用修饰词加强感官效果。

第三段总结经验或得到的肩示,也可对不理想的结局表示惋惜或提出警示。受篇幅限制可在第二段末尾简略评论,如We were inspired to value…,expect—ing that...

二、通知

通知可分为口头和书面两种形式。口头通知偏重于口语化,而书面通知则要布局严谨、条理清晰。以前考查过的留言条为非正式文体,称谓较随意,只要说明事由即可。非正式文体在近几年考查中逐渐减少。书面通知要说明活动或事件的目的、举行的时间地点和安排顺序,最后指出具体要求和注意事项,时态以一般将来时为主,人称通常用第三人称。口头通知的主体内容与书面通知相同,只是称呼上用第二人称,开始用“May I have your attention, please?”引起听众注意,最后用“That's all. Thank you.”结束。请看笔者提供的范文:

Notice

This weekend a short film will be shown. The filmcalled Grorwzng Together tells about the development ofour school. It will help us learn more about the historyand the contributions our school has ma e to education.If you are interested to see it,please get to the AcademicHall before 7:00 p.m. on Saturday. The film lasts one anda half hours. It is believed that you will feel proud of ourschool after watching it.lf you have an opinion about thefilm, you can write it down and send to us.

Look forward to your comlng and valuable advice.

Students' Union

三、發言稿或倡议书

针对某个话题的发言稿也是近年来的常考类型,比如202 1年全国乙卷要求以“Be smart online learn—ers”为题写发言稿,而2022年全国甲卷的书面表达要求为“世界海洋日”的主题征文投稿,其文体可视为倡议书;有些征文以分享经验或经历为话题,如202 1年新高考I卷的话题为“Youth and Me”;常见话题“ThePerson I Admire”以及致欢迎或欢送词,也可以归类于发言稿。下面以“Be smart online learners"为例说明此类文章的大体写作思路:

Network learning has been an important means toacquire knowledge and solve problems for afew decades.But as for the vast volume of information, being smart on—line learners should be a wise decision.

On one hand, we can make full use of the extensiveeducational resources to broaden horizons.Meanwhile,we can take the initiative in study without time or spacelimit.On the other hand, there are some disadvantages ev一idently. Faced with varieties of information on the Inter—net, we can't separate beneficial materials from harmfulones.Worse still, online learning itself has somelmper—fections, so youngsters may easilyget into the traps ofevil websites.

In conclusion, we should have a clear understan ingof the advantages and disadvantages, thus making net—work learning more efficient.

這类文体要求语言简洁而内容丰富,列举典型事例或从正反两面论证观点,既要态度鲜明又感情真挚,实例论证时需注意时态的转换。在开头和结尾要有概括或结论性语句,增加其号召力和说服力。

四、书信或邮件

写言或发邮件是应用文考查的主要类型,通常以文字提示和内容要点作为命题形式。信件的内容涉及中学生活的方方面面,在考查语言知识和表达能力的同时,注重生活经验的积累和思维的逻辑性,具有一定的开放性可以让考生适当发挥。信件的格式一般已经设定,学生只需写出中间部分,注意写信和回信用词上的差别。信件通常分为三段:第一段说明事件和目的;第二段主体部分列举方法、原因或条目等;第三段表达祝愿和希冀。

信件的话题类型有以下几种:

①邀请并约定,写信邀请某人或团体参加会议或比赛、文化艺术体育活动、度假出游等,同时要指明时间、地点和相关要求;

②应聘或申请,写给某些组织或主办单位,申请做兼职工作或志愿者,希望参与社会实践,发挥自身特长获取经验;

③致谢或致歉,作为书信的常见内容,得到帮助后表示感谢是必备的礼节,而失约或给人造成困扰也应表示歉意;

④求助和建议,求助的内容涉及广泛,包括咨询社交经验、找寻书籍资料、了解旅游或跨文化交流信息等;给出必要的建议以回复某人的求助,也是书信的常见话题之一;

⑤推荐或告知,写信向朋友推荐学校专业、旅游景点、影视节目以及书籍资料,或告知他们自己的近况,同时对其表示关心并送上祝福,这些都体现了人际交往的价值和乐趣。而不满服务质量的投诉和反映社会问题的呼吁有些偏离中学生活,寻物或招领启示又偏于生活化,此类话题与应用文的考查主旨有偏差,在近年考题中鲜有提及。

需要说明的是,书信的话题并非是单一的,可能兼有以上的两种或更多功能,凶此不要拘泥于公式化的模板,根据要点整体谋篇布局,灵活运用不同句式,考虑时态、人称的相应转换,才能交出符合要求的满意答卷。

下面先说明信件构成的各段落大体内容以及常见的表达方式:

①用于文章开头:

I'm glad/ excited to hear…

I'm writing to show /express my thanks/gratitude toyou.

I'd like to invite you to take part in…

②用于承接下文:

Here/ The following are my suggestions/ arrange—ments.

Here is my advice/ my plan/ the detailed informa—tion of...

My suggestions/ ideas are as follows.

③用于文章正文表示顺序或连贯性:

Firstly,…Secondly,…Finally/ Last but not least,…

To begin with,...Besides/ Next,... (In addition,…;What's more/ worse…)

For one thing, ...For another,…

On one hand,...On the other hand,…

④用于提建议或申明观点:

It is high time we took measures/ put an end to…

There is no easy answer/ solution to…

It's important/necessary/ essential/ beneficial forsb.to do sth.

If l were you,1 would...; Why not do...c.l You aresupposed to...

⑤用于文章结尾给出结论或表达愿望:

To sum up;As is mentioned above;

In my view/ opinion; As for me; From my point ofview; Personally,I think...

Hopefully, you could offer me the chance.l wouldappreciate it if you could offer...

If you have other questions, please tell me in ad-vance.

Looking forward to your reply/your coming/ seeingyou!

Best wishes to youl May you succeed/have a goodtime!

最后选取了近几年应用文中的信件为例,运用以上表达方法,笔者给出范文以供参考:

※邀请并约定(2022全国新高考I卷)Dear Caroline,

Iam Li Hua, in charge of the English program“Talk and Talk"of our School Broadcasting Station.Here I am writing to invite you to be our guest speaker.Now l will say more about the requirements.

Many students in our school want to know about thehigh school life of American students. And what do theyusually do in their summer vacation? Can you give a briefdescription on the topic? If it is convenient to you,I'dlike to arrange the show on Friday evening. If not, pleaselet me know so that we can make necessary adjustmentsto suit your schedule.

I hope you can share your valuable opinions with us.Look forward to your reply.

Yours sincerely,

Li Hua

※致謝并祝愿(2019年6月浙江卷)Dear Alex,

I' ve heard that you are leaving China soon, so I'mwriting to express my sincere blessing and thanks.

I can well remem er there was a time when I hadgreat difficulty in learning English. It was with your pa-tient help that I took an interest and made progress gradu-ally. Now I often read essays aloud and easily chat onlinewith my friends in English.I hope we can keep in touchby sending emails, so that l will improve my writing abili-ty and promote our friendship.

Wish you a pleasant journey homel

Yours,

Li Hua

综上所述,加强训练并不断总结规律,才能提升写作水平。只有掌握各种类型的格式规范,平时加强积累话题词汇,才能写出通顺流畅、语言优美的应用文。

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