用C-H-N-O炸药的 M、ρ、Δf Hθm、C p、T ig or b和爆轰产物的Δf Hθm估算炸药的爆轰性能

2013-09-18 05:29胡荣祖赵凤起高红旭姚二岗
火炸药学报 2013年2期
关键词:内能摩尔炸药

胡荣祖,赵凤起,高红旭,姚二岗

(西安近代化学研究所燃烧与爆炸技术重点实验室,陕西 西安 710065)

引 言

内能ΔfEθ、爆热Qd、爆轰反应能ΔfUθ、多方指数k、点火焓Hig、爆速D、爆压P及爆轰产物的粒子速度up,d是评价炸药能量和毁伤作用的重要参数。本 工 作 报 道 借 助 C-H-N-O 炸 药 的 分 子 式(CaHbNcOd)、分子质量M、密度ρ、标准摩尔生成焓ΔHθm、比热容Cp、自动点火温度Tig、热爆炸临界温度Tb、爆轰分解反应方程式,计算每克炸药爆轰产生的气体产物摩尔数N、每摩尔炸药爆轰产生气体产物的平均质量Mg、每克炸药爆轰反应的反应热(Qd=-ΔdHθm)的表达式,计算爆速和爆压的Kamlet-Jacobs公式,计算标准摩尔生成能ΔfEθ、点火焓Hig、爆轰反应能ΔfUθ、多方指数k、爆轰产物的粒子速度up,d的表达式,得到了16种C-H-N-O炸药Qd、ΔfEθ、Hig、ΔdUθm、D、P、k和up,d值的估算结果。

1 相关理论

对单质有机炸药CaHbNcOd,有:

式中:M 为炸药的分子质量,g/mol;N为每克炸药爆轰产生的气体产物摩尔数,mol/g;Mg为每摩尔炸药爆轰产生气体产物的平均质量,g/mol;Qd为每克炸药爆轰反应的反应热,kJ/g;ΔdHθm为每克炸药爆轰反应的反应焓,kJ/g;ΔfHθm为炸药的标准摩尔生成焓,kJ/mol。

将 N、M、Qd、密度ρ 值代入 Kamlet-Jacobs公式[1]:

得到炸药的D和P值。

由爆轰产物的粒子速度(up,d,mm/μs)计算式:

将k和D 代入式(16),得到up,d值。

由炸药的标准生成内能(ΔfEθ,kJ/g)估算式[2]:

点火焓(Hi,J·g-1)计算式[3]:

爆轰反应能(ΔfUθ,kJ·g-1)计算式:

铝热剂爆轰产物的粒子速度(up,d,mm/μs)计算式[3]:

式中:Cp为炸药的比热容,J·g-1·K-1;Tigorb为炸药的热爆炸温度(或热点火温度),K;nH、nO、nN分别为C-H-O-N炸药中H、O、N的原子数;Troom=298.15K;Δn=ng(产物)-ng(反应物);R 为通用气体常数,8.314J·mol-1·K-1。

up,cord的单位换算为:

将 ΔfHθm、nH、nO、nN、M、cp、Tigorb、Troom值代入计算式(16)~(20),可得到 ΔfEθ、ΔdUθm、k、Hig、up,d值。

2 应用实例

依据 C-H-N-O 炸 药 (CaHbNcOd)的 M、ρ、ΔfHθm、ΔdHθm、Cp、Tigorb和爆轰产物的 ΔfHθm值,可得表1中所列16种单质有机炸药的内能ΔfEθ、爆轰反应能ΔdUθm、多方指数k、点火焓Hig、爆速D、爆压P及爆轰产物的粒子速度up,d值。据此可知:

(1)用Kamlet-Jacobs经验式估算D 值,须用炸药的标准摩尔生成焓,而非炸药的生成热。

(2)up,d≈D/4.

(3)对3Pt-Hf体系,ΔfHθm=0,nH=nO=nN=0,有

表1 用C-H-N-O炸药(Ca H b Nc Od)的 M、ρ、Δf Hθm、Δd Hθm、C p、T ig or b和爆轰产物的 Δf Hθm 估算炸药的Δf Eθ、k、Δd Uθm、D、P 及u p,dTable 1 Estimation ofΔf Eθ,Δf Uθ、k,H ig,,deter,D,P and u p,d using M、ρ、Δf Hθm、Δd Hθm、C p、T ig or b of C-H-O-N explosives(Ca H b Nc Od)andΔf Hθm of detonation products

[1] Kamlet M J,Jacobs.Chemistr y of detonations.I.A simple method f or calculating detonation properties of C-H-N-O explosives [J].The Jour nal of Chemical Physics,1966,48(1):23-35.

[2] Kinney G F.Explosive Shocks in Air [M].New Yor k:The Mac mitlam Co mpany,1962.

[3] Lee I,Fennegen S A.Prediction of shock response of pyrotechonic mixt ure fr om ther mal analysis [J].J Ther mal Anal,1997,50(5-6):707-717.

[13]Öst mar k H,Bemm U,Langlet A,et al.The Properties of Ammoniu m Dinitramide(ADN):Part 1,Basic Pr operties and Spectr oscopic Data[J].Jour nal of Ener getic Materials,2000,18:123-128.

[14]Kon′kova T S,Yu N Matyushin,Mir oshnichenko E A,et al.Thermochemical pr operties of dinitramidic acid salts[J].Russian Chemical Bulletin,Inter national Edition,2009,58(10):2020-2027.

[15]Talawar M B R,Sivabalan M,Anniyappan G M,et al.Emerging Trends in Advanced High Energy Materials[J].FGV,2007,43(1):62-72.

[16]Pak Z P.So me Ways to Higher Envir on mental Safety of Solid Rocket Pr opellant Application,93-1755[R].New Yor k:AIAA,1993.

[17]Fogel′zang A E,Sinditskii V P,Egorshev V Y,et al.Co mbustion Behavior and Flame Structure of Ammoniu m Dinitramide[C]//28th International Annual Conference of ICT.Karlsr uhe:ICT,1992:99.

[18] Manelis G B.Ther mal Decomposition of Dinitramide Ammoniu m Salt[C]//26t h Int Annual Conference of ICT,Karlsr uhe:ICT.1995:15.

[19]Zenin A A,Puchkov V M,Finjakov S V.Physics of ADN co mbustion,99-0595[R].1999.

[20]Price E W,Chakravarthy S R,Freeman J M,et al.Combustion of Pr opellants with Ammoniu m Dinitramide,AIAA-1988-3387 [R].New Yor k:AIAA,1988.

[21]Chakravart hy S R,Freeman J M,Price E W,et al.Combustion of propellants wit h Ammoniu m Dinitramide[J].Pr opellant,Explosive,Pyr otechnics,2004,29(4):220-230.

[22]Gross M L,Beckstead M W,Puduppakkam K V,et al.Multi-Phase Combustion Modeling of Ammonium Dinitramide Using Detailed Chemical Kinetics,2006-4747[R].New Yor k:AIAA,2006.

[23]Sinditskii V P,Egorshev V Y,Levshenkov A I,et al.Co mbustion of Ammoniu m Dinitramide,Part 1:Bur ning Behavior[J].Jour nal of Pr opulsion and Power,2006,22(4):769-776.

[24]Sinditskii V P,Egorshev V Y,Levshenkov A I,et al.Combustion of Ammoniu m Dinitramide,Part 2:Combustion Mechanis m[J].Jour nal of Pr opulsion and Power,2006,22(4):777-785.

[25]Langlet A,Öst mar k H,Wingbor g N.Method of Preparing Dinitramideic Acid and Salts Thereof:WO,97/06099[P].1997.

[26]Johansson M,de Flon J,PetterssonÅ,et al.Spray Prilling of ADN,and Testing of ADN-Based Solid Pr opellants[C]//3r d International Conference on Green Propellants f or Space Propulsion.ESA,Poitiers,France,2006.

[27] Heintz T,Pontius H,Aniol J,et al.Ammoniu m Dinitra mide(ADN)-Prilling,Coating,and Characterization[J].Propellants,Explosive and Pyrotechnics,2009,34:231-238.

[28]Menke K,Heintz T,Schweikert W,et al.For mulation and Properties of ADN/GAP Propellants[J].PEP,2009,34:218-230.

[29]Wingbor g N,Andreasson S,de Flon J,et al.Devel op ment of ADN-based Mini mu m Smoke Pr opellants,AIAA 2010-6586[R].New Yor k :AIAA,2010.

[30]Tr unov M A,et al.Ignition of Al u minu m Powders Under Different Experi mental Conditions[J].Propellants,Expl osives,Pyrotechnics,2005,30(1):36-43.

[31]Beckstead M.W.A Su mmary of Alu minu m Combustion,NATO RTO EN 023,2004.

[32]Dossi S,Reina A,Maggi F,et al.Innovative metal f uels f or solid r ocket propulsion[J].Int.J.Ener getic Materials.Chem.Pr op,2012,11(4):299-322.

[33]Maggi F,Dossi S,Paravan C,et al.Activated al uminu m powders f or space pr opulsion[J].sub mitted f or publication.

[34]Wingbor g N,Wanhatalo M,Petterson A.Solid Pr opellants Containing Activated Al u minu m[C]//3r d Int.Conf.on Green Pr opellant f or Space Pr opulsion,9t h Int.Hydr ogen Per oxide Pr opulsion Conference.Poitiers,France,2006,ESA SP-635,Dec 2006.

[35]Hah ma A,Gany A,Palovuori K.Combustion of activated alu miniu m[J].Combustion and Flame,2006(145):464-480.

[36]Kuo K K,Achir ya R.Funda mentals of Tur bulent and Multiphase Combustion[M].Wiley,2012.

[37]De Luca L T,Galfetti L,Severini F,et al.Physical and Ballistic Characterization of Al H3-based Space Pr opellants[J].Aer ospace Science and Technol ogy,2007,11(1):18-25.

[38]DeLuca LT,Rossettini L,Kappenstein C,et al.Ballistic Characterization of Al H3-Based Pr opellants f or Solid and Hybrid Rocket Pr opulsion,2009-4874[R].New Yor k:AIAA,2009.

[39]de Flon J,Andreasson S,Liljedahl M,et al.Solid Pr opellants based on ADN and HTPB,AIAA Paper 2011-6136[R].New Yor k:AIAA,2011.

[40]Koji Fujisato,Hiroto Habu,Hidef umi Shibamoto,et al.Combustion characteristics of ADN-based solid pr opellants[J].Trans JSASS Aerospace Tech,2012,10(28):89-92.

[41]Eisenreich N,Fischer T S,Langer G,et al.Bur n Rate Models f or Gun Pr opellants[J].Propellants,Explosives,Pyrotechnics,2002,27(3):142-149.

[42]Strunin V A,D'Yakov A P,Manelis G B.Combustion of Ammonium Dinitramide[J].Combustion And Flame,1999,117:429-434.

[43]De Luca L T,Galfetti L,Maggi F,et al.Innovative Metallized Formulations f or Solid or Hybrid Rocket Pr opulsion[J].Chinese Journal of Ener getic Materials,2012,20(4):465-474.

致谢:感谢田清政教授对本工作的有益讨论。

猜你喜欢
内能摩尔炸药
“内能”“内能的利用”综合测试题
议论火炸药数字化制造
对比学习温度、内能和热量
战场上的雕塑家——亨利摩尔
剖析“内能”易错点
“内能”“内能的利用”综合测试题
西方摩尔研究概观
超细ANPyO/HMX混晶炸药的制备与性能
Al粉对炸药爆炸加速能力的影响
DNAN基熔铸复合炸药的爆轰性能